U.S. v. de Leon Davis

• Decision Date: 31 July 1990
• Docket Number: No. 89-2128,89-2128
• Citation: 914 F.2d 340
• Parties: UNITED STATES, Appellee, v. Alvaro David de LEON DAVIS, Defendant, Appellant. . Heard
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — First Circuit

Page 340

914 F.2d 340

UNITED STATES, Appellee, v. Alvaro David de LEON DAVIS, Defendant, Appellant.

No. 89-2128.

United States Court of Appeals First Circuit.

Heard July 31, 1990.

Decided Sept. 19, 1990.

Ramon Garcia Garcia, Santurce, P.R., for appellant.

Rosa E. Rodriguez Velez, Asst. U.S. Atty., with whom Daniel F. Lopez-Romo, U.S. Atty., Hato Rey, P.R., was on brief for appellee.

Before CAMPBELL and SELYA, Circuit Judges, and BOWNES, Senior Circuit Judge.

BOWNES, Senior Circuit Judge.

This appeal follows defendant-appellant Alvaro David de Leon Davis' conviction on two counts of a three-count indictment charging him with drug offenses. Appellant was convicted of importation of cocaine into the United States in violation of 21 U.S.C. Sec. 952(a) and of bringing cocaine on board an aircraft arriving in the United States in violation of 21 U.S.C. Sec. 955. He was acquitted of a charge of possession of cocaine with intent to distribute in violation of 21 U.S.C. Sec. 841(a)(1).

Appellant raises the following issues on appeal: (1) whether the evidence was sufficient to support the conviction; (2) whether the district court erred in its supplemental charge to the jury; and (3) whether certain comments during the prosecutor's closing argument were based on facts not in evidence and impermissibly prejudiced the defendant.

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

Appellant was en route from his home in Panama to Spain on May 19, 1989, when his plane, Iberia Airlines Flight 920 from Costa Rica, made a scheduled stop at the Luis Munoz Marin International Airport in Puerto Rico. While appellant and the other in-transit passengers waited in the airport's "in-transit" room, a team of United States Customs inspectors checked the luggage remaining on board. Flight 920 was considered "high-risk" for drugs because it originated in Central America. Luis Gonzalez, of the Customs' Contraband Enforcement Team, spotted a suitcase with hard sides and the brand name "Ciproma," known to Gonzalez as signifying Colombian-made. Gonzalez noted a strong smell of glue emanating from the luggage, and upon inserting his probe for a drug field test, he obtained a white powder that tested positive for cocaine.

From the name tag and airline control number on the suitcase, Inspector Gonzalez learned through the airline's computer that appellant was the owner of the suitcase and that he was traveling on to Spain. Gonzalez located appellant, who agreed to accompany him to identify his suitcase. After appellant identified the suitcase as his, Gonzalez arrested him and read him his rights. DEA Special Agent Frank Fernandez arrived and took custody of appellant, who told Fernandez that the suitcase had been given to him by a friend in Panama and that he had no idea it contained cocaine. Agent Fernandez allowed appellant to use the telephone at the DEA office, where he overheard appellant place several calls to Spain and one to Panama. Appellant was heard speaking to one individual in Spain and attempting to reach another in Spain named Miguel. According to Fernandez, appellant's demeanor was calm throughout. Several days later, at appellant's appearance before the magistrate, he asked Fernandez to help him. He repeated that he did not know the suitcase contained cocaine and claimed that the people in Panama who gave him the case had told him to deliver it to a Miguel in Barcelona. One of these people, appellant told Fernandez, was a friend of appellant's and was either Panamanian or Colombian.

On inspection of the suitcase DEA Special Agent Enrique Nieves noted that it was very heavy, had a foul, glue-type odor and contained numerous old and dilapidated record albums. The cocaine had been packed within the hard walls of the suitcase with masking tape. The gross weight of the cocaine was 2,271 grams, a little over four pounds. According to Nieves, the drug was 87% pure, compared to the 10-20% purity of cocaine sold on the street, and had a street value of between $800,000 and $1.6 million in Spain, where cocaine sells for almost four times as much as it does in the United States.

II. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

The standard of review of a sufficiency claim is " 'whether, taken as a whole and viewed in the light most favorable to the government, the evidence and all legitimate inferences therefrom would allow a rational trier of fact to find guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.' " United States v. Molinares Charris, 822 F.2d 1213, 1218 (1st Cir.1987), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 110 S.Ct. 233, 107 L.Ed.2d 185 (1989) (quoting United States v. Luciano Pacheco, 794 F.2d 7, 10 (1st Cir.1986)).

Appellant's sufficiency challenge focuses on the element of knowledge. He claims that the government failed to prove that he knew there was cocaine in the suitcase. According to his trial testimony, appellant had indicated to his new Colombian friend Daniel Avila that he was traveling to Madrid and was thinking of buying a suitcase there. Avila offered to lend him a suitcase that appellant could leave with Avila's son Christian once appellant arrived in Madrid. According to appellant, training and other work related to his job as assistant manager of a Panamanian television station required his travel to Spain. The trip on which he was arrested would have been his third to Spain in six months. The record albums in his suitcase, he claimed, were of a new Panamanian reggae singer named Renato, whom appellant planned to promote in Spain.

In contrast to appellant's testimony stood that of the government agents. Agent Nieves stated that the record albums were numerous, old, and in bad condition. ¹ Based on his drug enforcement experience, Nieves testified that record albums were commonly used by traffickers as ballast to hide the excess weight of the cocaine. The strong odor of glue, he stated, was also consistent with drug traffickers' efforts to elude detection. In addition, whereas appellant maintained at trial that he had planned to leave the suitcase in Madrid with Avila's son Christian, Agent Fernandez remembered appellant's telling him that he had been told to take the suitcase to a Miguel in Barcelona.

The case thus turned on the credibility of the witnesses and the inferences to be drawn from the evidence. Proof of appellant's knowledge that he was carrying cocaine could be inferred from the circumstantial evidence, United States v. Mateos-Sanchez, 864 F.2d 232, 238 (1st Cir.1988), and it was for the jury "to assess the credibility of the witnesses and decide what inferences could be fairly drawn." United States v. Molinares Charris, 822 F.2d at 1220. The jury apparently disbelieved appellant's story and believed the government's witnesses, drawing the same inferences as the agents had drawn from evidence of old record albums and the strong smell of glue--that appellant was knowingly participating in drug trafficking. This conclusion was not unreasonable in light of the evidence and was sufficient to convict.

III. THE SUPPLEMENTAL CHARGE TO THE JURY

At 4:15 p.m. on the second day of trial, the jury, after final instructions from the district court, commenced deliberations. Several hours later the jury returned with a question about the difference between the elements of counts one and two, possession and importation. After reinstruction on both charges, the jurors deliberated for another forty-five minutes until, at 8:15 p.m., they notified the court that they had been unable to agree. They were then sent home for the night.

The following morning, deliberations resumed. At noon, the jury indicated to the court that a verdict had been reached on one count and that as to the other two "it has been impossible to get a unanimous verdict." The court asked counsel for their views. Defense counsel made a motion for acquittal, which was denied. The government requested that the jury be advised to continue to deliberate. Defense counsel then asked that the entire set of jury instructions be read again before sending the jury back to deliberate. In the alternative, he requested a mistrial.

The trial court called the jury in and asked at length and with care about the possibility of reaching a verdict:

[THE COURT]: First of all, let me say that I don't want--I'm going to ask you one or two questions; but I don't want, and I repeat, I don't want that you tell me how you stand, the way you are divided. I don't want that. I have your note that you say you agree as to one of the counts and you have not agreed to the others.

As to the ones you have not agreed, I don't want you to tell me how you stand, no way.

Now, I would like to know whether--And I will get the foreperson to answer this question--I would like to know whether if you feel further deliberations--It's early afternoon--could maybe resolve the differences that you have? So, if you think that that is a possibility, certainly, I will send you back again to further deliberate. And it appears to me that it would not be a bad idea to do that, unless you are hopelessly deadlocked on whatever you are disagreeing.

Do you feel that by going back you may reach an agreement?

Ultimately the foreperson replied, "Assuming we might, can get, reach a verdict, but really can't explain to you at this time if that is going to happen or not. It's a possibility, maybe in the afternoon." The court then instructed as follows:

Very well. Fine. Thank you.

Then, I'm going to order you to go back to further deliberate and doing that I'm going to again tell you this. I am going to ask you to resume your deliberations in an attempt to return a verdict. As I told you before, each of you must agree in order to return a verdict. You have the duty to consult with one another and to deliberate with a view to reach an agreement, if this can be done without violating your individual judgment. Each juror must decide the case for himself or herself, but only after an impartial consideration of all the evidence with his or her fellow jurors.

...