McInerney v. Puckett, 90-1178

Citation919 F.2d 350
Decision Date19 December 1990
Docket NumberNo. 90-1178,90-1178
PartiesPatrick McINERNEY, Petitioner-Appellee, v. Steve W. PUCKETT, Respondent-Appellant.
CourtUnited States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (5th Circuit)

Jeffrey M. Rosamond, Sp. Asst. Atty. Gen., Mike Moore, Atty. Gen., Jackson, Miss., for respondent-appellant.

Joseph Langston, Booneville, Miss. (Court-appointed), for petitioner-appellee.

Patrick McInerney, Parchman, Miss., pro se.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Mississippi.

Before WISDOM, GEE, and HIGGINBOTHAM, Circuit Judges.

GEE, Circuit Judge:

This appeal from the district court's grant of habeas relief requires us to determine (1) whether a six year old order for pre-trial psychiatric evaluation, standing alone, required the trial judge to conduct a hearing into the defendant's competence to stand trial, and (2) whether trial counsel's failure to raise timely an insanity defense and his somewhat casual preparations for trial constitute such extreme ineffective assistance of counsel as to render unnecessary the ordinarily-required inquiry into actual resulting prejudice, and to support a presumption of such prejudice.

As to the first contention, absent other indications of current incompetence the stale order did not mandate a competency hearing; as to the second one, such shortcomings do not constitute circumstances tantamount to having no counsel at all and hence call for the typical inquiry into both ineffective assistance and actual prejudice. Accordingly, on the first claim we reverse; and on the second, we vacate and remand for findings.

Background

Pending his trial for a 1976 burglary, Patrick McInerney escaped from a Mississippi jail. Captured shortly thereafter in Illinois, he served a sentence there for other crimes, at the conclusion of which Illinois returned him to Mississippi in 1982. On the day of his delayed burglary trial, the Mississippi trial court denied a continuance to allow for a psychiatric examination of McInerney, such an examination having been ordered by another judge on McInerney's motion in 1976 but never conducted due to his escape. He was convicted; and, after exhausting his state appeals and post-conviction relief, McInerney filed a pro-se habeas petition in district court alleging that the trial court denied him due process by failing to conduct any inquiry into his competence to stand trial and alleging ineffective assistance of counsel. 1 The district court, adopting the magistrate's recommendations, granted the petition and the state appeals.

Procedural Due Process

Under the Pate test, to avoid a procedural due process violation the trial court must inquire into mental capacity sua sponte if the evidence raises a bona fide doubt as to a defendant's competency at the time of trial and any immediately related proceedings. Pate v. Robinson, 383 U.S. 375, 86 S.Ct. 836, 15 L.Ed.2d 815 (1966); Zapata v. Estelle, 585 F.2d 750 (5th Cir.1978); Reese v. Wainwright, 600 F.2d 1085, 1093 (5th Cir.1979). The district court erroneously concluded that the examination ordered six years earlier by another judge on the McInerney's motion raised such a doubt. The defendant may have been incompetent six years earlier--we do not know--but that does not mean he was incompetent at the time he stood trial. The trial judge accepted as credible the representations of McInerney's counsel as to McInerney's competence in 1982. Absent any medical history, irrational behavior, or odd demeanor at trial, the trial judge was entitled to conclude, in light of all that was known to him, that the stale order for evaluation, objectively considered, did not in or of itself raise a reasonable doubt as to McInerney's competence. See Chenault v. Stynchombe, 546 F.2d 1191, 1192-93 (5th Cir.1977) (setting out the standard for reviewing habeas petitions that raise Pate claims). 2

Ineffective Assistance Of Counsel

McInerney attacks his trial counsel's effectiveness. 3 To be sure, the record discloses that McInerney's counsel failed to file timely notice of an insanity defense and, not expecting to go to trial quite so quickly, was not completely prepared. The district court, accepting the magistrate's recommendation, found the representation by McInerney's counsel ineffective, his performance falling below an objective standard of reasonable professional service and the "errors" being so serious as to indicate that he did not function as the "counsel" guaranteed by the 6th amendment. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 2064, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). The magistrate weighed the credibility of McInerney against that of the attorney and accepted McInerney's synopsis of the facts. The finding is not clearly erroneous, and we will not disturb it.

Nonetheless, the district court, through the magistrate, failed to apply properly the next step of the Strickland Court's analysis, presuming rather than inquiring into actual prejudice and the denial of a fair trial. The magistrate turned to United States v. Cronic, 466 U.S. 648, 649, 104 S.Ct. 2039, 2041, 80 L.Ed.2d 657 (1984), concluding that counsel's shortcomings fell to a level at which actually or constructively McInerney was denied adequate counsel, and that his attorney entirely failed to subject the prosecution's case to meaningful adversarial testing, rendering the adversary process itself presumptively unreliable. In Cronic, the trial court improperly rested on the peculiar circumstances surrounding the trial rather than examining the actual effectiveness of counsel--let alone any actual prejudice. In today's case, given that counsel was actually ineffective as found by the district court and as defined in Strickland, we still must ask whether counsel's performance was so entirely deficient that we may presume prejudice.

Although factually inapposite, the Cronic decision provides critical guidance. The Cronic court observed the Sixth Amendment's necessary focus upon the reliability of the trial process: "the right to the effective assistance of counsel is recognized not for its own sake, but because of the effect it has on the ability of the accused to receive a fair trial." Careful to note that there is "generally no basis for finding a Sixth Amendment violation unless the accused can show how specific errors of counsel undermined the reliability of the finding of guilt," the Court listed the complete denial of counse...

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