United States v. Gray

• Decision Date: 08 November 2019
• Docket Number: No. 18-3663,18-3663
• Citation: 942 F.3d 627
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America v. Steven GRAY, Appellant
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Third Circuit

942 F.3d 627

UNITED STATES of America

v.Steven GRAY, Appellant

No. 18-3663

United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit.

Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1a on September 20, 2019

Opinion filed: November 8, 2019

David J. Freed, Scott R. Ford, Office of the United States Attorney, 228 Walnut Street, P.O. Box 11754, 220 Federal Building and Courthouse, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17108, Counsel for Appellee

Heidi R. Freese, Ronald A. Krauss, Office of the Federal Public Defender, 100 Chestnut Street, Suite 306, Harrisburg, PA 17101, Counsel for Appellant

Before: KRAUSE, MATEY, Circuit Judges, and QUIÑONES ALEJANDRO,^* District Judge

OPINION OF THE COURT

QUIÑONES ALEJANDRO, District Judge.

Appellant Steven Gray appeals the sentence imposed by the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania following his conviction for unlawful possession of a firearm by a felon in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). Gray challenges three sentencing enhancements that the District Court applied in calculating his sentence range under the advisory United States Sentencing Commission Guidelines ("Guidelines"). This Court has jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a). For the reasons set forth below, we will affirm the District Court’s judgment.

I. BACKGROUND

Just after midnight on January 1, 2017, during the New Year’s Eve fireworks festivities in York City, Pennsylvania, Police Officer Paul Thorne was patrolling residential neighborhoods in his police vehicle and, as he turned onto Silk Avenue from Mulberry Street, he heard gunshots. He drove west on Silk Avenue and observed a person—later identified as Appellant Steven Gray—carrying a firearm. Officer Thorne observed Gray walking down a pathway between two rowhomes located at 721 and 723 Wallace Street. Officer Thorne stopped, exited his vehicle, and ran down the pathway with his firearm drawn, until he was about ten (10) feet behind Gray. Officer Thorne identified himself as a police officer and ordered Gray to drop the firearm. Gray turned towards Officer Thorne, saw that Officer Thorne was pointing a firearm at him in the "high ready" position, and began running away from the officer in the direction of Wallace Street. App. 34, 36. As Officer Thorne ran after him, he observed Gray toss his gun and run onto the porch of 725 Wallace Street, the residence next door to Gray’s home. Officer Thorne followed Gray onto the porch and placed Gray face down. Within a minute or so, Police Officer Davis arrived at the scene. Gray was handcuffed and taken into custody.

After a brief search of the area where Officer Thorne saw Gray toss the firearm—an area where Officer Davis testified that "less than three" people were outside when he arrived—Officer Thorne found the firearm on the sidewalk in front of 731 Wallace Street. App. 57. The firearm had one round in the chamber and six rounds in the magazine. Officer Thorne testified that he was not worried about the firearm presenting any danger because "[i]t will not hurt anybody unless someone is squeezing the trigger." App. 39.

The firearm was identified as a Taurus 9-millimeter handgun with the serial number TLF58814D. A check with the National Criminal Information Center ("NCIC") revealed that the firearm was stolen in Manchester, New Hampshire, in 1995. After being notified that the firearm was recovered, the Manchester Police Department attempted to locate the theft victim without success. Thereafter, on January 30, 2017, the Manchester Police Department sent the following message to Officer Thorne via the National Law Enforcement Telecommunications System ("NLETS"):

OUR DETECTIVES HAVE BEEN UNABLE TO LOCATE THE ORIGINAL VICTIM IN THIS CASE AT THIS POINT WE WILL BE REMOVING THE FIREARM FROM NCIC AND CONSIDERING THE CASE CLOSED THE FIREARM IS NOT CONSIDERED STOLEN AT THIS POINT WE APOLOGIZE FOR THE DELAY IN RESPONSE.

App. 117.

II. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

A federal grand jury returned a one-count Indictment charging Gray with unlawful possession of a firearm by a felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). Gray pled not guilty, and the court held a two-day jury trial. At the trial, the two primary witnesses were Officer Thorne and Gray. Pertinently, Officer Thorne testified that he observed Gray in possession of a firearm, which Gray discarded while running away from him. Gray, on the other hand, testified repeatedly that he did not have a gun. The jury found Gray guilty.

In advance of the sentencing, the United States Probation Office prepared and submitted a Presentence Investigation Report ("PSR") which, inter alia , calculated Gray’s Total Offense Level as 30 and his Criminal History Category as IV, yielding a Guidelines range of 135 to 168 months’ incarceration. However, because the statutory maximum sentence for violating § 922(g) is 120 months, the Guidelines sentence was fixed at 120 months. U.S.S.G. § 5G1.1(a).¹

Gray filed objections to the PSR, challenging three two-level enhancements:

(i) possession of a stolen firearm, under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(4) ;

(ii) recklessly creating a risk of serious bodily injury in the course of fleeing from law enforcement, under U.S.S.G. § 3C1.2 ; and

(iii) obstruction of justice for committing perjury at trial, under U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1.

By Memorandum and Order dated November 7, 2018, the District Court overruled Gray’s objections. Gray argues that had the District Court sustained his objections, the Guidelines calculation would have resulted instead in a sentencing range of 77 to 96 months’ incarceration. After considering the sentencing factors of 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), the District Court granted Gray a downward variance of 36 months and sentenced him to 84 months’ incarceration.

III. ANALYSIS

When reviewing challenges to the application of sentence enhancements, this Court exercises plenary review over the District Court’s legal conclusions and reviews the District Court’s factual findings for clear error. See United States v. Pawlowski , 682 F.3d 205, 211 (3d Cir. 2012) ; United States v. Richards , 674 F.3d 215, 219-20 (3d Cir. 2012).

A. Enhancement for Possession of a Stolen Firearm

Gray challenges the District Court’s two-level enhancement of his sentence for possession of a stolen firearm. Specifically, Gray argues that the Government failed to carry its burden of demonstrating by a preponderance of the evidence that the firearm found in Gray’s possession was stolen. He also argues that the doctrine of legal impossibility precluded such a finding. Gray’s arguments are misplaced.

Section 2K2.1(b)(4) of the Guidelines provides "[i]f any firearm ... was stolen, increase by 2 levels." To apply this enhancement, a sentencing court must find by a preponderance of the evidence that the firearm was stolen. United States v. Fisher , 502 F.3d 293, 307, 310 (3d Cir. 2007). The determination of whether a firearm has been stolen is a factual finding, which this Court reviews for clear error. Id . at 305, 308.

Here, the Government introduced an NCIC report that indicated a firearm bearing the same serial number as the firearm which Officer Thorne saw in Gray’s possession was reported stolen in 1995 in Manchester. After being advised of the discovery of the firearm, the Manchester Police Department attempted to locate the original owner, without success. As a result of its inability to locate the owner of the firearm, the Manchester Police Department notified Officer Thorne that "at this point" it no longer considered the firearm stolen and would now consider the stolen firearm case closed. App. 117. This mere change in designation by the Manchester Police Department, however, did not change the fact that the gun had been reported stolen in 1995 and appeared on the NCIC list as stolen until recovered in Gray’s possession more than twenty years later.

Although we have not previously addressed the issue in a precedential opinion, at least one of our sister circuits has found that the introduction of a police report regarding the theft of a firearm is sufficient to meet the Government’s evidentiary burden with respect to the "stolen" status of a firearm. See United States v. Sanchez , 507 F.3d 532, 538-39 (7th Cir. 2007). We agree and therefore conclude that the introduction of the reliable NCIC report was sufficient to meet the Government’s burden with respect to the stolen status of the firearm. Moreover, Gray presented no evidence to rebut the NCIC report. See United States v. Napolitan , 762 F.3d 297, 309 (3d Cir. 2014) (holding that burden shifts to defendant once Government has made out a prima facie case for a sentencing enhancement); United States v. Diallo , 710 F.3d 147, 151 (3d Cir. 2013) (holding the same). Because the NCIC report was a reliable authority to establish the firearm’s status at the time Gray possessed it, and Gray produced no evidence to rebut it, this Court cannot conclude that the District Court committed clear error in finding that the Government had established by a preponderance of the evidence that the firearm was stolen. Thus, the two-level enhancement was appropriate.

Gray’s reliance on the doctrine of legal impossibility is equally without merit. While acknowledging that this doctrine has become "disfavored,"² Gray argues that because the firearm found in his possession was not stolen, he could not have possessed a stolen firearm. As set forth above, the District Court’s conclusion that the firearm was stolen was legally sound. As such, Gray’s legal impossibility argument misses the mark.

B. Enhancement for Creating Substantial Risk of Serious Bodily Injury While Fleeing

Next, Gray challenges the District Court’s two-level enhancement for creating a substantial risk of serious bodily injury while fleeing law enforcement. Section 3C1.2 of the Guidelines provides:

[i]f the defendant recklessly created a substantial risk of death or serious bodily injury to another person in the course of fleeing from a law enforcement officer, increase by 2 levels.

Gray...