Fidelity Sec. Life Ins. Co. v. State, Dept. of Ins.

• Decision Date: 19 February 1998
• Docket Number: No. CV-96-0581-PR,CV-96-0581-PR
• Citation: 191 Ariz. 222,954 P.2d 580
• Parties: , 263 Ariz. Adv. Rep. 7 FIDELITY SECURITY LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, Plaintiff/Appellant/Petitioner, v. STATE of Arizona, DEPARTMENT OF INSURANCE, and Susan Gallinger, Director of Insurance of the State of Arizona, in her official capacity, Defendants/Appellees/Respondent. Darlene TODD, et al., Plaintiffs/Appellants/Petitioners, v. STATE of Arizona, et al., Defendants/Appellees/Respondents. Donald W. NOREN, Plaintiff/Appellant/Petitioner, v. STATE of Arizona, et al., Defendants/Appellees/Respondents.
• Court: Arizona Supreme Court

Page 580

954 P.2d 580

191 Ariz. 222, 263 Ariz. Adv. Rep. 7

FIDELITY SECURITY LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, Plaintiff/Appellant/Petitioner, v. STATE of Arizona, DEPARTMENT OF INSURANCE, and Susan Gallinger, Director of Insurance of the State of Arizona, in her official capacity, Defendants/Appellees/Respondent.

Darlene TODD, et al., Plaintiffs/Appellants/Petitioners, v. STATE of Arizona, et al., Defendants/Appellees/Respondents.

Donald W. NOREN, Plaintiff/Appellant/Petitioner, v. STATE of Arizona, et al., Defendants/Appellees/Respondents.

No. CV-96-0581-PR.

Supreme Court of Arizona En Banc.

Feb. 19, 1998.

Frederick C. Berry, Jr., P.C. by Frederick C. Berry, Jr., Phoenix, for Darlene Todd.

Shughart Thomson & Kilroy, P.C. by John S. Conner, Richard M. Paul III, Kansas City, MO, and Ulrich, Kessler & Anger, P.C. by Paul G. Ulrich, Donn G. Kessler, Phoenix, for Fidelity Security Life Insurance Company.

George T. Drost & Associates by Thomas W. Kivlahan, Arlington Heights, IL, and Richard L. Strohm ,Phoenix, for Donald W. Noren.

Grant Woods, Attorney General by Raymond P. Lee, Thomas J. Dennis, Assistant Attorneys General, Phoenix, for State of Arizona, Department of Insurance, and Susan Gallinger.

OPINION

JONES, Vice Chief Justice.

¶1 We granted review in a consolidated appeal from the dismissal of three separate complaints filed in Maricopa County Superior Court. Petitioners ask us to determine whether the three trial courts properly granted motions to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), Arizona Rules of Civil Procedure. The court of appeals, in a split opinion, found the trial courts' dismissals proper. After consideration, we hold that the trial courts erred in their analyses and decisions. We also hold that the court of appeals majority erred in affirming the dismissals. We have jurisdiction under Arizona Constitution article VI, section 5(3), Arizona Rule of Civil Appellate Procedure 23, and Arizona Revised Statutes section 12-120.24.

Facts and Procedural History

¶2 The Arizona Department of Insurance (the Department) regulates insurance companies doing business in the state. In 1988, the Department granted an application by AMS Life Insurance Company (AMS) to transfer domicile from Illinois to Arizona. Thereafter, until 1992, when AMS went into receivership, the Department approved annual requests by AMS for renewal of its certificate of authority. The receivership precipitated the plaintiffs' actions, alleging gross negligence by the State of Arizona, the Department, and the Department's Director (defendants) in failing to provide adequate regulation of AMS and claiming damage as the result of the Department's actions. The plaintiffs consist of an insurance company with business ties to AMS, an individual owner of five AMS annuity contracts, and a number of insurance brokers and their clients. The plaintiffs' specific factual assertions were (a) that the defendants approved AMS' transfer of domicile to Arizona knowing that AMS did not meet Arizona's fiscal requirements for certification, and (b) that the defendants, knowing of AMS' insolvency, violated a statutory mandate by failing to provide adequate supervision of AMS and by failing to deny AMS' annual requests for renewal of its certificate of authority.

¶3 In each of the three cases, the superior court granted the defendants' motions to dismiss the complaint, finding that because the defendants were conducting discretionary regulatory activities concerning the licensing of AMS to do business in Arizona, they were entitled to absolute immunity under A.R.S. § 12-820.01. The court of appeals consolidated the three appeals and, in its divided opinion, Judge Fidel dissenting, affirmed the judgments of the three trial courts.

Analysis

¶4 In reviewing a trial court's decision to dismiss a complaint for failure to state a claim, we assume as true the facts alleged in the complaint and will not affirm the dismissal unless satisfied as a matter of law that plaintiffs would not be entitled to relief under any interpretation of the facts susceptible of proof. Menendez v. Paddock Pool Constr. Co., 172 Ariz. 258, 261, 836 P.2d 968, 971 (App.1991). The court of appeals affirmed each dismissal of the complaints on the ground that the defendants' actions approving the AMS redomestication to Arizona and granting AMS' annual requests for renewal constituted discretionary actions in the determination of fundamental governmental policy. According to the court of appeals, governmental actions by the Department in granting or renewing a certificate of authority necessarily entitled defendants to absolute immunity under section 12-820.01.

¶5 Petitioners, on the other hand, have asserted that the statute was erroneously applied to their claims and that the Department's decisions to grant or renew the AMS certificate were not governmental policy decisions, were not fundamental, and did not involve the use or exercise of discretion. We agree with the petitioners.

¶6 A.R.S. § 12-820.01 provides:

Absolute Immunity

A. A public entity shall not be liable for acts and omissions of its employees constituting:

1. The exercise of a judicial or legislative function; or

2. The exercise of an administrative function involving the determination of fundamental governmental policy.

B. The determination of a fundamental governmental policy involves the exercise of discretion and shall include, but is not limited to:

....

3. The licensing and regulation of any profession or occupation.

¶7 Stating the purpose and intent of section 12-820.01, the legislature declared as "the public policy of this state that public entities are liable for acts and omissions of employees in accordance with the statutes and [the] common law...." Laws 1984, Ch. 285, § 1A. Moreover, all of the provisions of the Act, including section 12-820.01, "should be construed with a view to carry out the [foregoing] legislative purpose." Id. Accordingly, we have emphasized that liability of public servants is the rule in Arizona and immunity is the exception. See City of Tucson v. Fahringer, 164 Ariz. 599, 600, 795 P.2d 819, 820 (1990) (quoting Ryan v. State, 134 Ariz. 308, 656 P.2d 597 (1982)); Stone v. Arizona Highway Comm'n, 93 Ariz. 384, 392, 381 P.2d 107, 112 (1963). Since immunity is the exception and not the rule, we have concluded, consistent with the intention of the legislature, that judicial construction of immunity provisions in statutes applicable to government entities should be restrained and narrow. Schabel v. Deer Valley Unified Sch. Dist. No. 97, 186 Ariz. 161, 920 P.2d 41 (1996).

¶8 We observe further that in drafting section 12-820.01, the legislature distinguished the exercise of judicial or legislative functions from the exercise of administrative functions. Explaining the distinction between judicial and administrative functions, this court, in Grimm v. Arizona Board of Pardons & Paroles, 115 Ariz. 260, 265, 564 P.2d 1227, 1232 (1977), stated that "policy reasons for official [administrative] immunity are much weaker than for judicial immunity." Moreover, legislative immunity is supported by similar public policy equally as compelling as that supporting judicial immunity. See also Chamberlain v. Mathis, 151 Ariz. 551, 554-60, 729 P.2d 905, 908-14 (1986) (discussing immunity generally and comparing absolute and qualified immunity).

¶9 Thus, under section 12-820.01, public entities are protected by absolute immunity when the process involves legislative or judicial decision making within the respective powers granted to the legislature and the judiciary, but entities are entitled to immunity for administrative action only to the extent such action involves the determination of fundamental governmental policy. It is clear that the decisions by the Department of Insurance, alleged in the complaints before us, must be viewed exclusively as administrative decisions. This means that in order to gain protection under the absolute immunity statute, the burden rests with the defendants to plead and prove that the decisions regarding AMS fall within the narrow category of fundamental governmental policy making. By granting Rule 12(b)(6) motions to dismiss in the face of the allegations in these complaints, the trial courts acted prematurely.

¶10 Section 12-820.01 makes it clear that whenever a decision involving fundamental governmental policy is made, discretion will invariably be an essential attribute of the decision making process. It is also true that many administrative actions in government do not involve determinations of fundamental policy and do not implicate the use of discretion. Even where discretion is exercised, administrative decisions within government do not necessarily involve determinations of fundamental governmental policy. To be absolutely immune, therefore, fundamental governmental policy is the element which, first and foremost, must be present in the decision making process. Once that element is found to exist, the exercise of discretion, under the statute, may be presumed. The term "discretion" is used in the statute only to define an essential characteristic of determinations involving fundamental governmental policy.

¶11 Thus, in appropriate cases, the legislature has granted absolute immunity in the field of administration for the reason that immunity protection of government officers is warranted when fundamental governmental policy making is at stake, but not otherwise. Examples of policy decisions entitled to immunity may include such matters as whether government or its agencies should pursue one general course of action over another, whether an agency of government should construct a particular building or where the building should be located, or a decision as to the direction and focus of an entire regulatory scheme. The legislature has also determined, by express statutory direction, that certain specified functions shall be accorded absolute immunity. These...