Abedini v. U.S. I.N.S.

• Decision Date: 09 September 1992
• Docket Number: No. 91-70038,91-70038
• Citation: 971 F.2d 188
• Parties: Mehdi ABEDINI, Petitioner, v. U.S. IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE, Respondent.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

Page 188

971 F.2d 188

Mehdi ABEDINI, Petitioner, v. U.S. IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE, Respondent.

No. 91-70038.

United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.

Argued and Submitted Feb. 7, 1992.

Memorandum Filed March 26, 1992.

Order and Opinion Filed July 24, 1992.

As Amended Sept. 9, 1992.

Joseph L. Feldun, Korenberg & Abramowitz, Encino, Cal., for petitioner.

Philemina M. Jones, Office of Immigration Litigation, U.S. Dept. of Justice, Washington, D.C., for respondent.

Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals.

Before: BRUNETTI, O'SCANNLAIN, and NELSON, Circuit Judges.

ORDER

Respondent has filed a request, pursuant to Circuit Rule 36-4 of the Rules of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, to redesignate the memorandum decision as an opinion, and, as such, be published. The members of the panel have voted unanimously to grant the request. Accordingly, the memorandum disposition filed March 26, 1992, 958 F.2d 376, is redesignated as an authored opinion by Judge Brunetti.

OPINION

BRUNETTI, Circuit Judge:

OVERVIEW

Mehdi Abedini, a native and citizen of Iran, appeals the Board of Immigration Appeals' order reversing the Immigration Judge's grant of his request for asylum and the Board of Immigration Appeals' denial of his request for voluntary departure.

FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS BELOW

Petitioner Mehdi Abedini is a twenty-six year old single male, native and citizen of Iran, who entered the United States without inspection at San Ysidro, California on July 12, 1988. At his deportation hearings, Abedini posited five grounds in support of his belief that he would be persecuted by the Iranian government for his political and religious beliefs if deported to Iran.

First, he could be sentenced to two years in prison and nineteen lashes under Islamic law for the distribution of motion pictures and concert videos made in the Western hemisphere. He testified that in 1985, the Iranian authorities raided his place of business and confiscated his motion pictures and videos. The Ministry of Justice subsequently issued him a subpoena and warrant accusing him of distributing Western propaganda and requiring his appearance at a hearing on January 10, 1988. Second, he is in jeopardy of being conscripted into the military. He testified that fighting in the war that then existed between Iran and Iraq would be "beyond [his] belief and beyond [his] political opinion." Third, he could be sentenced to a two-year prison term for using a false passport to leave Iran. Fourth, he does not believe in the Islamic religion; conscience is his own religion, which he fears to express for fear of persecution. Finally, he is a monarchist and the Iranian government feels "great animosity" towards monarchists.

The Immigration Judge granted Abedini political asylum because he found Abedini's testimony to be credible and that he had a well-founded fear of persecution based on his religious and political ideas. The Board of Immigration Appeals reversed on two grounds: one, that even assuming Abedini's testimony was truthful, he had not established a well-founded fear of persecution on account of any of the grounds enumerated in the Immigration and Nationality Act; and two, that Abedini's testimony was not credible. The Board further denied Abedini's request for voluntary departure.

DISCUSSION

I. Standard of Review.

We review de novo the Board's determination of purely legal questions regarding the requirements of the Immigration and Nationality Act. Alonzo v. INS, 915 F.2d 546, 548 (9th Cir.1990).

We review factual findings underlying the Board's denial of asylum and withholding of deportation under the substantial evidence standard, Alonzo, 915 F.2d at 548, and will reverse only if the evidence presented to the Board was so compelling that no reasonable factfinder could fail to find the requisite fear of persecution. INS v. Zacarias, --- U.S. ----, ----, 112 S.Ct. 812, 815, 817, 117 L.Ed.2d 38 (1992).

Discretionary denials of asylum and of voluntary departure are reviewed for abuse of discretion. Cunanan v. INS, 856 F.2d 1373, 1347 (9th Cir.1988).

II. Denial of Asylum.

Under Section 208(a) of the Refugee Act of 1980 (codified in the Immigration and Nationality Act at 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)), the Attorney General has discretion to grant asylum to an applicant who is unable to return to his country "because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion." 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A).

To meet the statutory criteria of a "well-founded fear of persecution," the applicant must show that his fear is both subjectively genuine and objectively reasonable. Cardoza-Fonseca v. INS, 767 F.2d 1448, 1452-1453 (9th Cir.1985), aff'd, 480 U.S. 421, 107 S.Ct. 1207, 94 L.Ed.2d 434 (1987). The objective component requires a showing by "credible, direct, and specific evidence" of facts that would support a reasonable fear that the applicant faces persecution. Rodriguez-Rivera v. INS, 848 F.2d 998, 1002 (9th Cir.1988) (per curiam).

We need not reach the Board's determination that Abedini's testimony lacked credibility because we find that the evidence presented to the Board was not so compelling that no reasonable factfinder could fail to find the requisite fear of persecution.

Standing alone, Abedini's claim of potential prosecution for distributing Western films and videos does not amount to persecution on account of his political or religious beliefs. Abedini merely has established that he faces a possibility of prosecution for an act deemed criminal in Iranian society, which is made applicable to all people in that country. See Estrada-Posadas v. INS, 924 F.2d 916, 920 (9th Cir.1991) (persecution must be appreciably different from that found by fellow citizens); Kaveh-Haghigy v. INS, 783 F.2d 1321, 1323 (9th Cir.1986) (per curiam) (generalized allegations of persecution resulting from the political climate of a nation not sufficient). Likewise, Abedini's claim of punishment for avoiding military conscription or using a false passport does not amount to persecution under the long-standing rule that it is not persecution for a country to restrict travel abroad or require military service of its citizens. See Zacarias, 112 S.Ct. at 816; De Valle v. INS, 901 F.2d 787, 792 (9th Cir.1990) (conscription by itself does not equal persecution); Matter of Matelot, 18 I. & N.Dec. 334 (BIA 1982) (prosecution for violating limitations or restrictions on travel abroad, such as through the use of a fraudulent passport, does not in itself establish persecution).

The exception to these general rules, where a disproportionately severe punishment would result on account of one of the five grounds enumerated in the Act, does not apply for two reasons. First, Abedini failed to establish that his distribution of Western films or refusal to serve in the military were motivated by genuine religious, political, or moral convictions, or other genuine reasons of conscience. Second, he failed to establish that the anti-propaganda and conscription laws as applied to him were especially unconscionable or were merely a pretext to persecute him for his beliefs or characteristics. See Alonzo, 915 F.2d at 548 (applicant must demonstrate government knew of his religious or political beliefs and attempted to conscript him in spite of those beliefs); Hernandez-Ortiz v. INS, 777 F.2d 509, 516-17 (9th Cir.1985) (inference of political motivation based on absence of criminal activity or other conduct that would provide legitimate basis for government action); UNHCR, Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status p 85 (1979).

Abedini argues that the Board incorrectly demanded that he personally possess some belief or opinion, instead of focusing on the Iranian government's perception of his political opinion. The distribution of Western films and his flight to avoid conscription are "fortuitous manifestation(s)" of his anti-government beliefs which could have led the Iranian government to impute a political or religious opinion to him. He cites Ninth Circuit precedent that, on "limited occasions, certain conscious and deliberate acts or decisions by an alien may establish a well-founded fear of persecution on account of imputed political opinion, but only when a persecutor attributes political beliefs to an alien as a result of these acts or decisions." Estrada-Posadas, 924 F.2d at 919 (citations omitted). This argument fails, however, because nothing in the record suggests Abedini has done or said anything that could have come to the attention of the Iranian government that would cause it to impute a political or religious belief to him for which he might be persecuted.

Abedini did not show that the government was aware of his alleged beliefs. In fact, he admitted he never spoke out against the government's political or religious practices or even publicly articulated any political or religious opinions. See Arriaga-Barrientos v. INS, 937 F.2d 411, 414 (9th Cir.1991) (relevant factor for determining imputed opinion). Nor did he testify that his movies were contrary to Islamic principles or...