Independent Living Resources v. Oregon Arena Corp., Civ. No. 95-84-AS.

Decision Date12 November 1997
Docket NumberCiv. No. 95-84-AS.
Citation982 F.Supp. 698
PartiesINDEPENDENT LIVING RESOURCES, a non-profit corporation, and Robert W. Pike, Plaintiffs, v. OREGON ARENA CORPORATION, Defendant.
CourtU.S. District Court — District of Oregon

Steve Brischetto, Portland, OR, for Plaintiffs.

David B. Howorth, Foster Pepper & Shefelman, Portland, OR, Frank C. Morris, Jr., Carolyn Doppelt Gray, Epstein, Becker & Green, P.C., Washington, DC, for Defendant.

Okianer Christian Dark, U.S. Attorneys Office, Portland, OR, Thomas M. Contois, U.S. Dept. of Justice, Civ. Rights Div., Washington, DC, for U.S.A. amicus.

OPINION

ASHMANSKAS, United States Magistrate Judge:

                I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................. 705
                II. MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT ................................................. 706
                    1. Pattern and Practice ........................................................ 706
                    2. Mental State ................................................................ 707
                    3. Dispersal of Wheelchair Seating: ............................................ 707
                       A. Legal Standards: .................................................................. 708
                       B. Level 7: .......................................................................... 710
                       C. Vertical and Horizontal Distribution: ............................................. 714
                       D. Availability of Wheelchair Seating: ............................................... 717
                           (i) Is OAC Responsible for Infiling and Ticket Sale Policies? .................... 718
                          (ii) Do the Infilling and Ticket Sale Policies at the Rose Garden
                                Violate the Title III Regulations? .......................................... 719
                               (a) Season Tickets and Long-Term Contracts: .................................. 719
                               (b) Tickets for Individual Games: ............................................ 722
                               (c) Tickets for Other Events: ................................................ 723
                               (d) Conclusion: .............................................................. 724
                    4. Companion Seats: ............................................................ 724
                
                        A. Interpretation of Standard 4.33.3 ................................................ 724
                        B. "Substantially Equivalent or Greater Access" ..................................... 726
                    5. Modified Aisle Seats: ....................................................... 728
                    6. Line of Sight Over Standing Spectators: ..................................... 732
                        A. Whether DOJ could Require that Wheelchair Users be Provided with
                           a Line of Sight Over Standing Spectators ......................................... 732
                        B. Whether such a Requirement does Exist, and Whether it is Binding
                           Upon this Defendant .............................................................. 734
                           (i) Does Timing Matter? .......................................................... 735
                          (ii) Was the 1994 TAM Supplement a Valid Interpretive
                                Regulation? ................................................................. 736
                               (a) Did DOJ Adopt the Access Board Commentary? ............................... 737
                               (b) Other Arguments Regarding Lines of Sight Over Standing
                                    Spectators .............................................................. 742
                               (c) The Access Board's Change of Heart ....................................... 743
                               (d) Whether the ADA itself Provides an Independent Source
                                   of Authority for Requiring Lines of Sight Over Standing
                                   Spectators................................................................ 743
                       C. Whether Defendant has any Defense to the Enforcement of a Requirement
                            to Provide Lines of Sight over Standing Spectators .............................. 747
                       D. Conclusion ........................................................................ 758
                    7. Executive Suites: ........................................................... 758
                       A. Are the Suites Subject to Title III of the ADA? ................................... 758
                       B. Do Plaintiffs have Standing to Maintain this Claim? ............................... 760
                       C. Do the Suites Comply with the ADA? ................................................ 763
                       D. Visual Alarms in the Suites: ...................................................... 764
                    8. Premises Leased to Concessionaires: ......................................... 766
                    9. Camera Operator Areas: ...................................................... 768
                       A. Are the Camera Positions Covered by Title III? .................................... 769
                       B. Is there any Excuse for the Failure to Design these Camera
                          Operator Positions to be Wheelchair Accessible? ................................... 769
                III. DEFENDANT'S MOTION TO DISMISS ON GROUNDS OF MOOTNESS ........................ 770
                    1. Whether Plaintiffs are Entitled to Recover Damages: ......................... 771
                    2. Potential for Future Violations: ............................................ 774
                    3. Issues No Longer in Dispute: ................................................ 774
                    4. Conditions that Defendant Claims to have Redressed but Plaintiffs
                Disagree: .................................................................. 776
                    5. Conditions that Defendant Denies are a Violation and has Not Modified ....... 779
                       A. Protruding Object Hazards: ........................................................ 779
                            (i) Scope of Rule: .............................................................. 779
                           (ii) Protruding Objects in Parking Garages: ...................................... 780
                          (iii) Placement of Planters, Waste Paper Baskets, and Similar
                                 Items Beneath Protruding Objects: .......................................... 780
                           (iv) Mobile Trash Cart: .......................................................... 781
                            (v) Counters on Self-Service Food Carts: ........................................ 781
                           (vi) Counters Mounted on Columns: ................................................ 781
                          (vii) Baby-Changing Areas: ........................................................ 782
                         (viii) Protruding Objects Improperly Mounted Below 80 Inches
                                    AFF: .................................................................... 782
                           (ix) Visual Alarms Improperly Mounted Above 80 Inches AFF: ....................... 783
                       B. The Remaining 72 Issues: .......................................................... 783
                  IV. MISCELLANEOUS MOTIONS ...................................................... 784
                   V. CONCLUSION ................................................................. 785
                

I. INTRODUCTION

In 1990, Congress enacted the Americans with Disabilities Act ("ADA"), 42 U.S.C. § 12101, et seq. The purpose of this legislation was to eliminate discrimination against individuals with disabilities, 42 U.S.C § 12101(b).1 To date, most ADA litigation has focused upon Title I, which governs the duties that the ADA imposes upon employers. The instant action concerns the obligations that Title III of the ADA imposes upon those who construct and operate public accommodations such as indoor arenas. The cornerstone of Title III is 42 U.S.C. § 12182(a), which mandates that persons with a disability receive the "full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations of any place of public accommodation ..."

The locus of this action is the "Rose Garden," a multi-purpose indoor arena in Portland, Oregon. The Rose Garden was designed for first occupancy after January 26, 1993, and the last building permit, or permit extension, was certified after January 26, 1992. Consequently, the Rose Garden is subject to the rules governing "new construction." 42 U.S.C. § 12183(a)(1); 28 CFR § 36.401(a)(2). The principal tenants of the Rose Garden are the Portland Trail Blazers NBA basketball team and the Portland Winter Hawks of the Western Hockey League.2 The arena also is used for a wide variety of other events, including ice shows, concerts, soccer, indoor football, and the circus. Plaintiffs contend that numerous features of the Rose Garden's construction, design, and operation violate the ADA as well as ORS 30.675 and ORS 659.425, the parallel state laws forbidding discrimination against persons with a disability.

The plaintiffs in this action are Robert Pike, a Portland attorney with a disability which requires that he use a wheelchair, and Independent Living Resources ("ILR"), a non-profit corporation "organized ... for the purpose of promoting the rights and needs of persons with disabilities for full inclusion and equal access in all aspects of life and providing education, training, and independent living services to persons with disabilities." Complaint ¶ 5. The defendant is the Oregon Arena Corporation ("OAC"), a private company that built, owns, and operates the Rose Garden arena. The United States Department of Justice ("DOJ") has participated in these proceedings as amicus curiae. All parties have consented to allow a Magistrate Judge to enter final orders and judgment in this case in accordance with FRCP 73 and 28 U.S.C. § 636(c). This court has jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and 1367.

Presently before the court are plaintiffs' motion (# 36) for partial summary judgment, defendant's motion (# 45-1) to dismiss portions of the case as moot, defendant's cross-motions (# 45-2 and # 62) for partial summary judgment, defend...

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