Nitro-Lift Techs., L.L.C. v. Howard

• Citation: 568 U.S. 17,184 L.Ed.2d 328,133 S.Ct. 500
• Decision Date: 26 November 2012
• Docket Number: No. 11–1377.,11–1377.
• Parties: NITRO–LIFT TECHNOLOGIES, L.L.C. v. Eddie Lee HOWARD et al.
• Court: U.S. Supreme Court

568 U.S. 17

133 S.Ct. 500

184 L.Ed.2d 328

NITRO–LIFT TECHNOLOGIES, L.L.C.

v.Eddie Lee HOWARD et al.

No. 11–1377.

Supreme Court of the United States

Nov. 26, 2012.

PER CURIAM.

State courts rather than federal courts are most frequently called upon to apply the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA), 9 U.S.C. § 1 et seq., including the Act's national policy favoring arbitration. It is a matter of great importance, therefore, that state supreme courts adhere to a correct interpretation of the legislation. Here, the Oklahoma Supreme Court failed to do so. By declaring the noncompetition agreements in two employment contracts null and void, rather than leaving that determination to the arbitrator in the first instance, the state court ignored a basic tenet of the Act's substantive arbitration law. The decision must be vacated.

* * *

This dispute arises from a contract between petitioner Nitro–Lift Technologies, L.L.C., and two of its former employees. Nitro–Lift contracts with operators of oil and gas wells to provide services that enhance production. Respondents Eddie Lee Howard and Shane D. Schneider entered a confidentiality and noncompetition agreement with Nitro–Lift that contained the following arbitration clause:

" ‘Any dispute, difference or unresolved question between Nitro–Lift and the Employee (collectively the "Disputing Parties") shall be settled by arbitration by a single arbitrator mutually agreeable to the Disputing Parties in an arbitration proceeding conducted in Houston, Texas in accordance with the rules existing at the date hereof of the American Arbitration Association.’ " Pet. for Cert. 5.

After working for Nitro–Lift on wells in Oklahoma, Texas, and Arkansas, respondents quit and began working for one of Nitro–Lift's competitors. Claiming that respondents had breached their noncompetition agreements, Nitro–Lift served them with a demand for arbitration. Respondents then filed suit in the District Court of Johnston County, Oklahoma, asking the court to declare the noncompetition agreements null and void and to enjoin their enforcement. The court dismissed the complaint, finding that the contracts contained valid arbitration clauses under which an arbitrator, and not the court, must settle the parties' disagreement.

The Oklahoma Supreme Court retained respondents' appeal and ordered the parties to show cause why the matter should not be resolved by application of Okla. Stat., Tit. 15, § 219A (West 2011), which limits the enforceability of noncompetition agreements. Nitro–Lift argued that any dispute as to the contracts' enforceability was a question for the arbitrator. It relied for support—as it had done before the trial court—upon several of this Court's cases interpreting the FAA, and noted that under Buckeye Check Cashing, Inc. v. Cardegna, 546 U.S. 440, 446, 126 S.Ct. 1204, 163 L.Ed.2d 1038 (2006), "this arbitration law applies in both state and federal courts." Record in No. 109, 003 (Okla.), p. 273.

The Oklahoma Supreme Court was not persuaded. It held that despite the "[U.S.] Supreme Court cases on which the employers rely," the "existence of an arbitration agreement in an employment contract does not prohibit judicial review of the underlying agreement." 2011 OK 98, ¶ 15, n. 20, ¶ 16, 273 P.3d 20, 26, n. 20, 27. For that proposition, the court relied on the "exhaustive overview of the United States Supreme Court decisions construing the Federal Arbitration Act" in Bruner v. Timberlane Manor Ltd. Partnership, 2006 OK 90, 155 P.3d 16, which found Supreme Court jurisprudence "not to inhibit our review of the underlying contract's validity." 273 P.3d, at 26. Finding the arbitration clauses no obstacle to its review, the court held that the noncompetition agreements were "void and unenforceable as against Oklahoma's public policy," expressed in Okla. Stat., Tit. 15, § 219A. 273 P.3d, at 27.

The Oklahoma Supreme Court declared that its decision rests on adequate and independent state grounds. Id., at 23–24, n. 5. If that were so, we would have no jurisdiction over this case. See Michigan v. Long, 463 U.S. 1032, 1037–1044, 103 S.Ct. 3469, 77 L.Ed.2d 1201 (1983). It is not so, however, because the court's reliance on Oklahoma law was not "independent"—it necessarily depended upon a rejection of the federal claim, which was both " ‘properly presented to’ " and " ‘addressed by’ " the state court. Howell v. Mississippi, 543 U.S. 440, 443, 125 S.Ct. 856, 160 L.Ed.2d 873 (2005) (per curiam ) (quoting Adams v. Robertson, 520 U.S. 83, 86, 117 S.Ct. 1028, 137 L.Ed.2d 203 (1997) (per curiam )). Nitro–Lift claimed that the arbitrator should decide the contract's validity, and raised a federal-law basis for that claim by relying on Supreme Court cases construing the FAA. " ‘[A] litigant wishing to raise a federal issue can easily indicate the federal law basis for his claim in a state-court petition or brief ... by citing in conjunction with the claim the federal source of law on which he relies or a case deciding such a claim on federal grounds ....’ " Howell,supra, at 444, 125 S.Ct. 856 (quoting Baldwin v. Reese, 541 U.S. 27, 32, 124 S.Ct. 1347, 158 L.Ed.2d 64 (2004) ; emphasis added). The Oklahoma Supreme Court acknowledged the cases on which Nitro–Lift relied, as well as their relevant holdings, but chose to discount these controlling decisions. Its conclusion that, despite this Court's jurisprudence, the underlying contract's validity is purely a matter of state law for state-court determination is all the more reason for this Court to assert jurisdiction.

The Oklahoma Supreme Court's decision disregards this Court's precedents on the FAA. That Act, which "declare[s] a national policy favoring arbitration," Southland Corp. v. Keating, 465 U.S. 1, 10, 104 S.Ct. 852, 79 L.Ed.2d 1 (1984), provides that a "written provision in ... a contract evidencing a transaction involving commerce to settle by arbitration a controversy thereafter arising out of such contract or transaction ... shall be valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, save upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract." 9 U.S.C. § 2. It is well settled that "the substantive law the Act created [is] applicable in state and federal courts." Southland Corp.,supra, at 12, 104 S.Ct. 852; see also Buckeye, supra, at 446, 126 S.Ct. 1204. And when parties commit to arbitrate contractual disputes, it is a mainstay of the Act's substantive law that attacks on the validity of the contract, as distinct from attacks on the validity of the arbitration clause itself, are to be resolved "by the arbitrator in the first instance, not by a federal or state court." Preston v. Ferrer, 552 U.S. 346, 349, 128 S.Ct. 978, 169 L.Ed.2d 917 (2008) ; see also Prima Paint Corp. v. Flood &...