Aadland v. St. Luke's Midland Regional Medical Center

Citation537 N.W.2d 666
Decision Date15 February 1995
Docket NumberNo. 18898,18898
PartiesJenean AADLAND, Claimant and Appellee, v. ST. LUKE'S MIDLAND REGIONAL MEDICAL CENTER and Presentation Sisters Workers' Compensation Trust, Employer/Insurer and Appellants. . Considered on Briefs
CourtSouth Dakota Supreme Court

Robert M. Ronayne of Ronayne and Wein, Aberdeen, Chester A. Groseclose, Jr. of Richardson, Groseclose, Wyly, Wise & Sauck, Aberdeen, for appellee.

Comet Haraldson of Woods, Fuller, Shultz & Smith, P.C., Sioux Falls, for appellants.

MILLER, Circuit Judge.

St. Luke's Midland Regional Medical Center (Employer) and Presentation Sisters Workers' Compensation Trust (Insurer) appeal a circuit court judgment which reversed the Division of Labor and Management's (Division) decision denying that claimant Jenean Aadland (Aadland) was injured in the course and scope of her employment with St. Luke's. We reverse.

FACTS

On or about March 3, 1991, at approximately 9:30 p.m. Aadland slipped and fell in Employer's parking lot in Aberdeen, South Dakota, injuring her arm.

Aadland worked in Aberdeen as a pastoral care chaplain for Employer. Aadland lived in Pierpont, South Dakota, forty-two miles from Aberdeen. Her duties as chaplain included visitation with all patients within twenty-four hours of their admission to the hospital, and availability to provide spiritual and emotional counseling and care when requested by patients or their families. Another duty included "on-call" status; when Employer required her to, she remained a distance from the hospital which allowed her to return to work within ten to fifteen minutes after being paged. She wore a pager and Employer paid her one dollar for each hour she remained on call. If Aadland went from on-call status to an actual call-back status, Employer compensated her at a wage of time-and-a-half for overtime, at $12.72 per hour.

On days when she worked on call, Aadland made private arrangements to stay in an apartment at Lourdes Hall, a dormitory on Employer's premises. Although some benefit accrued to Employer because of the proximity of the dormitory to the hospital, Aadland acknowledged she could have stayed in a room at the hospital or made arrangements to stay elsewhere in Aberdeen so long as she could return to work when paged within ten to fifteen minutes.

On the day of her injury, Aadland left her regular shift at 9:00 p.m. She went to the hospital's east side parking lot, got into her car and then drove on public streets in the city of Aberdeen to a parking lot north of Lourdes Hall. Employer did not require Aadland to park in the lot north of Lourdes Hall when she was on call. Although some spaces had signs indicating reserved spaces for hospital "on call" personnel, Aadland failed to show that she parked in a designated space. Additionally, other hospital employees routinely used the lot.

At approximately 9:30 p.m., Aadland exited her vehicle to go toward Lourdes Hall and fell somewhere along the way. While she remained on call at the time, Aadland had not received a call to return to the hospital. Aadland was assisted to the emergency room and admitted. The parties agree that Aadland promptly reported the injury to Employer in accordance with hospital policy.

DECISION
STANDARD OF REVIEW

Upon a review of an agency's decision, the circuit court and Supreme Court must ascertain whether the administrative agency's findings of fact were clearly erroneous; the administrative agency's and circuit court's conclusions of law are fully reviewable. SDCL 1-26-36; Caldwell v. John Morrell & Co., 489 N.W.2d 353 (S.D.1992). Employer points to several disputed facts. However, after review of the agency's findings of fact and conclusions of law and the circuit court's conclusions of law, we conclude the issue is primarily a question of law. Therefore, the appropriate standard of review is de novo.

ISSUE I.
WHETHER THE EMPLOYEES' MANUAL CREATES A CONTRACTUAL AGREEMENT WHICH EXTENDS SUPPLEMENTAL BENEFITS FOR AADLAND'S INJURIES BEYOND THOSE AUTHORIZED BY SOUTH DAKOTA WORKER'S COMPENSATION LAW?

At the time of the injury, Employer had an employee manual or handbook which defined "Employee Accidents-Worker's Compensation." 1 Employee argues that the language of the manual created a contract which made "any injury" occurring upon Employer's premises compensable under the South Dakota worker's compensation law. We disagree.

We have commented that worker's compensation benefits are "purely statutory." Caldwell v. John Morrell & Co., 489 N.W.2d at 364 (quoting Chittenden v. Jarvis, 68 S.D. 5, 8, 297 N.W. 787, 788 (1941)). While collective bargaining agreements and private plans may supplement the statutory scheme, 2 Professor Larson concludes litigation of such supplements must be sued in civil courts, not in the agencies administering the states' compensation acts. 1 Larson's Workmen's Compensation Desk Ed. § 97.53 (1994). Larson labels such supplements to the statutory provisions as excess benefits outside of the exclusive remedies contemplated by the workers' compensation statutes. Id.

When given the benefit of the doubt, Aadland has failed to prove a supplemental contract existed to provide benefits to her merely because an injury occurred on St. Luke's grounds. Aadland did not raise the contract issue in her petition for hearing, nor did she amend the petition to allege a contractual agreement. Therefore, the administrative law judge did not rule on the issue of a contract. Furthermore, the circuit court failed to provide a basis for its finding that an employment contract existed which "produced compensable injuries under the Workers' Compensation Law." Nevertheless, we have examined the language of the employee manual to determine whether it provides for supplemental benefits by this Employer.

The provision of the manual informs the employee that an employee accident is one "which arises out of and in the course of employment." The relative clause is further modified by two prepositional phrases which contemplate work performed "with" the hospital or "on" its grounds. The statement is not ambiguous since it requires that the accident first arise out of and in the course of employment, whether on or off the premises. Our construction of the manual's statement is buttressed by the additional statement on the same page which informs the employee that he or she will be responsible for expenses for illnesses or injuries which are "not work related."

Therefore, we conclude that the employee manual does not create a contractual agreement which extends supplemental benefits to Aadland beyond those authorized by the South Dakota workers' compensation law. The question remains whether Aadland's injuries are compensable under the statutory scheme.

In order to collect the benefits authorized by the South Dakota legislature, a worker must meet the requirements of state statute. At the base of the worker's compensation statutes in this country is the concept that the injury must be work connected. See 1 Larson's Workmen's Compensation Desk ed. § 6.10 (1994). The general provisions of the South Dakota workers' compensation act define "injury" or "personal injury" as: "only injury arising out of and in the course of employment, and shall not include a disease in any form except as it shall result from the injury." SDCL 62-1-1(7) (1993). Therefore, the threshold question under state statutes is whether Aadland's injury arose out of and in the course of her employment.

ISSUE II.
WHETHER AADLAND'S INJURY AROSE OUT OF HER EMPLOYMENT WITH ST. LUKE'S WHEN SHE WAS ON CALL, BUT NOT ON DUTY AT THE TIME OF HER INJURY?

To be compensable, a claimant's injury must arise out of a risk inherent to employment. Roberts v. Stell, 367 N.W.2d 198 (S.D.1985).

The words "in the course of" refer to the time place and circumstances under which the accident took place.... In other words, an employee is within the course of his employment if what he is doing is naturally related or incidental to his employment or he is doing that which his contract of employment expressly or impliedly authorizes.

Id. at 199. Therefore, the mere fact that an injury occurs on an employer's premises is not enough. Professor Larson comments: "[A] line must be drawn in these cases [involving persons on call] somewhere short of unlimited coverage of everything that happens on the premises." 1A Larson, The Law of Workmen's Compensation, § 24.22 (1993).

The law as it applies to this case is found in Roberts, supra, and Howell v. Cardinal Industries, Inc., 497 N.W.2d 709 (S.D.1993). In...

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    • United States
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