Aetna Casualty Surety Co v. Phoenix Nat Bank Trust Co of Lexington

• Decision Date: 14 March 1932
• Docket Number: No. 413,413
• Citation: 52 S.Ct. 329,285 U.S. 209,76 L.Ed. 709
• Parties: AETNA CASUALTY & SURETY CO. v. PHOENIX NAT. BANK & TRUST CO. OF LEXINGTON
• Court: U.S. Supreme Court

285 U.S. 209

52 S.Ct. 329

76 L.Ed. 709

AETNA CASUALTY & SURETY CO.

v PHOENIX NAT. BANK & TRUST CO. OF LEXINGTON.

No. 413.

Argued Jan. 25, 1932.

Decided March 14, 1932.

Messrs. Samuel M. Wilson, of Lexington, Ky., and Charles Kerr, of Washington, D. C., for petitioner.

Mr. James Park, of Lexington, Ky., for respondent.

[Argument of Counsel from pages 210-211 intentionally omitted] Mr. Justice STONE delivered the opinion of the Court.

This suit was brought by respondent, a national bank, in the circuit court of Fayette county, Ky., to re cover on a bond of indemnity issued by the petitioner. The cause was removed to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky, which, after a trial by the court upon an agreed statement of facts, gave judgment for petitioner. Judgment of reversal by the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, 44 F.(2d) 511, is here for review on certiorari. 284 U. S. 608, 52 S. Ct. 41, 76 L. Ed. —.

The indemnity bond, issued upon payment of a stipulated premium, undertook to indemnify the respondent for 'any loss through the payment * * * of forged or raised checks or (genuine) checks bearing forged endorsements. * * *' On different dates between May 12, 1924, and June 23, 1925, while the bond was in force, a corporation depositor of respondent drew thirty-nine checks upon its deposit account in favor of third persons. The indorsements of the payee on thirty-five of the checks were forged, and the amounts payable on the other four and on eighteen others were raised by one Fulton, who was the vice president and treasurer of the depositor, having charge of its checkbooks and books of account. Authority to sign the checks was vested in the president and one other, who was not an officer of the depositor. All the checks bore genuine indorsements made subsequent to the forgeries, two of them by Fulton alone. All were paid by respondent on presentation, and the amounts paid were charged to the depositor's account. Monthly statements were rendered to the depositor, accompanied by the canceled checks. No agents or representatives of the depositor other than Fulton, the forger, examined the depositor's accounts, canceled checks, or books of account. The checks were prepared for signature by Fulton. The representatives of the depositor who signed them relied wholly on him for their accuracy and for the names of the payees. All of the raised checks 'were completed in writing by Fulton, except that the line for the application of the protectograph was left blank, and were signed, before the application of the protectograph to them. And Fulton was trusted to fill in the line stating the amount of the cheque, with the protectograph, and was charged with the duty of delivering the cheques, whether by mail or in person.'

About August 7th, a month after the payment of the last check, the depositor gave notice of the forgeries to the respondent and demanded that the sum of $5,512.72, representing so much of the payments as were induced by the forgeries, be recredited to its account. The respondent in turn asked payment of that amount of petitioner in satisfaction of its liability on the indemnity bond. Petitioner, while admitting liability if respondent was not authorized to charge the depositor with the loss, insisted that the depositor was so chargeable because of its negligence and delay in notifying respondent of the forgeries and its negligence in drawing the checks. It offered to defend any suit brought against the respondent by the depositor with respect to the loss, and asked respondent to give notice of the forgeries to prior indorsers and to demand reimbursement from them. Respondent failed to comply with any of these requests and later credited its depositor with the disputed amount.

The petitioner, by way of defense, set up specifically the bank's assumption of the loss by crediting the depositor in the face of the latter's alleged negligence and omissions. The court below thought that the question presented was merely one of the time of the loss indemnified against, and as that had occurred when the checks were paid by respondent, later events determining the ultimate incidence of the loss as between the bank and its depositor or indorsers, were immaterial. Hence it concluded that the subsequent credit to the depositor of the amount of the loss and the consequent relinquishment of any claim against the depositor or others, had no bearing on the liability of the indemnitor. The court said '* * * in the present case, the loss was suffered and the liability arose from time to time as the checks were paid; and, when finally the bank canceled the charges and recredited the total, it was not then suffering a loss; it was abandoning a claim for recoupment of its earlier loss-a claim which at first it did not have. We think, therefore, that the policy should be read as indemnity against the original loss, and not as holding the liability in the air until it can finally be determined whether the bank had a right to make the charge back.' (C. C. A.) 44 F.(2d) 511, 512.

We think that the respondent could not relinquish any claims it might have had against the depositor and preserve unimpaired its right to the indemnity. Petitioner's undertaking 'to indemnify * * * and hold harmless' the respondent from any loss sustained by reason of the specified payments, contained no words indicating an intention to destroy the indemnitor's usual privilege of subrogation to the indemnitee's right to recover from any who are liable to it for the loss. That privilege was a necessary incident to petitioner's contract, for only by resort to it could the character of the contract as indemnity be preserved. It is both the object and the justification of subrogation that it makes exact indemnity the measure of the liability. See Standard Marine Insurance Co., Ltd. v. Scottish Metropolitan Assurance Co., Ltd., 283 U. S. 284, 51 S. Ct. 371, 75 L. Ed. 1037; United States v. American Tobacco Co., 166 U. S. 468, 17 S. Ct. 619, 41 L. Ed. 1081; St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Ry. Co. v. Commercial Union Ins. Co., 139 U. S. 223, 235, 11 S. Ct. 554, 35 L. Ed. 154; Hall & Long v. Nashville & C. R. Co., 13 Wall. 367, 20 L. Ed. 594; Jones v....