Air Line Stewards and Stewardesses Assoc., Local 550, TWU, AFL-CIO v. Trans World Airlines, Inc.

Decision Date01 August 1983
Docket NumberAFL-CIO,82-2933,Nos. 82-2929,s. 82-2929
Citation713 F.2d 319
Parties32 Fair Empl.Prac.Cas. (BNA) 1077, 32 Empl. Prac. Dec. P 33,750 AIR LINE STEWARDS AND STEWARDESSES ASSOC., LOCAL 550, TWU,, et al., Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. TRANS WORLD AIRLINES, INC., Defendant-Appellant. Anne B. ZIPES, et al., Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. TRANS WORLD AIRLINES, INC., Defendant-Appellant.
CourtU.S. Court of Appeals — Seventh Circuit

Gordon B. Nash, Jr., Gardner, Carton & Douglas, Chicago, Ill., for defendant-appellant.

Aram A. Hartunian, Hartunian, Futterman & Howard, Chicago, Ill., for plaintiffs-appellees.

Before CUMMINGS, Chief Judge, COFFEY, Circuit Judge, and WEIGEL, Senior District Judge. *

COFFEY, Circuit Judge.

The defendant, Trans World Airlines (TWA) appeals from the district court's decision that under the terms of a Settlement Agreement entered into between TWA and a class of former flight attendants, TWA is required to re-employ the former female flight attendants immediately upon the completion of certain retraining classes regardless of whether or not TWA has any present vacancies in its work force. The defendant, on the other hand, contends that the Settlement Agreement requires TWA to re-employ the flight attendants after they have completed retraining but only at such time as a vacancy exists. Reversed.

I.

The complaint in this litigation was filed on August 8, 1970, alleging that between 1965 and 1970 the defendant TWA maintained a policy of terminating female flight attendants who became pregnant, and that such action was in violation of their rights under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. After numerous pretrial motions and appeals from the disposition of these motions 1 the parties arrived at a Settlement Agreement, contingent upon approval by the district court pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 26(e). The district court approved the settlement over the objection of the union representing current TWA personnel who might have been affected by the settlement (Independent Federation of Flight Attendants). The union objected to the settlement, contending that the Settlement Agreement would adversely affect current TWA flight attendants. The district court disagreed on the grounds that granting retroactive seniority to the returning class members would not adversely affect TWA's present employees as no currently employed flight attendant would be fired in order that one of the class members could be reinstated, and this decision was affirmed by this court, Air Line Stewards, etc. v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 630 F.2d 1164 (7th Cir.1980), and ultimately by the Supreme Court, Zipes, et al. v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 455 U.S. 385, 102 S.Ct. 1127, 71 L.Ed.2d 234 (1982).

In October of 1982 the plaintiffs filed a motion with the district court requesting an order that the Settlement Agreement be interpreted as entitling all class members to immediate re-employment by TWA upon the successful completion of their retraining classes. In addition to this declaratory relief, the plaintiffs also sought a permanent injunction compelling TWA to commence paying wages to all re-employed class members immediately upon completion of the retraining classes regardless of whether or not TWA had positions for the retrained flight attendants. The district court granted the plaintiffs' motion for declaratory relief on the grounds that "the settlement agreement, when read as a whole and considered in light of its fundamental purpose, does require that TWA re-employ the class members" and that TWA "is obligated to provide employment no later than the end of the last retraining class...." The defendant has appealed from the district court's decision.

II.

Our resolution of the instant dispute hinges upon the construction of two sections of the Settlement Agreement. Section VI of the Settlement Agreement is entitled "Eligibility for Re-Employment" and provides as follows:

"TWA agrees to offer: (1) flight attendant retraining to all class members and (2) re-employment as flight attendants to those class members who satisfactorily complete such retraining. TWA will provide retraining classes, the last of which shall commence prior to the expiration of one (1) year following the Final Order Date. TWA will have no obligation to retrain or re-employ any class member following the end of such one (1) year period if such class member has either not qualified for such retraining or re-employment, has elected not to participate in such retraining or has elected not to accept such re-employment during such one (1) year period."

Section IX, entitled "Re-Employment Procedures," states:

"For the purpose of retraining applicants for re-employment, TWA will conduct retraining classes. TWA will notify each applicant for re-employment (in writing, giving at least thirty (30) days' advance notice) of the commencement date of the retraining class which she is to attend.

* * *

* * *

Each class member who successfully completes retraining will be permitted to select assignment to a flight attendant base (or bases) of her choice, at which a vacancy exists, provided that no flight attendant having greater seniority desires to fill such a vacancy. If a class member is unable to obtain a base assignment which she desires, she will be assigned to fill a vacancy at any base selected by TWA."

The district court, in interpreting the Settlement Agreement, noted that in section VI "TWA agrees to offer ... re-employment as flight attendants to those class members who satisfactorily complete such retraining," and that section IX of the Agreement grants the class members a "right to re-employment." Reading these two sections together, the district court concluded that "these terms unambiguously evidence the parties intent that TWA undertake an affirmative obligation to re-employ class members," and while section IX makes a class member's assignment to a base contingent upon a "vacancy," this section "has no effect whatsoever on the obligation to rehire." Finally, the district court declined to adopt TWA's position that it should not be required to rehire a flight attendant until a vacancy exists because "if TWA were permitted by the settlement agreement to indefinitely delay the re-employment of the class members, there would have been no reason to fix the definite time limit of April 19, 1982 from which training classes had to begin."

III.

A settlement agreement is a contract and as such, "the construction and enforcement of settlement agreements are governed by principles of local law applicable to contracts generally." Florida Educational Assoc. v. Atkinson, 481 F.2d 662, 663 (5th Cir.1973). When interpreting a contract under Illinois law, "[t]he intent of the parties to a contract must be determined with reference to the contract as a whole, not merely by reference to particular words or isolated phrases, but by reviewing each part in light of the others." LaThrop v. Bell Federal Savings & Loan Assoc., 68 Ill.2d 375, 378, 12 Ill.Dec. 565, 568, 370 N.E.2d 188, 191 (1977). The language of a settlement agreement must be construed literally in a straightforward manner, and courts must give full force and effect to each and every provision contained in these court-approved agreements. Robin v. Sun Oil Co., 548 F.2d 554, 557 (5th Cir.1977). Thus, in interpreting the Settlement Agreement between the plaintiffs and TWA, under well-settled rules of contract interpretation, this court must give effect to each and every section of the Agreement, and must read the different sections harmoniously, and accord each section its proper weight, and not read the sections out of context to achieve a desired result as the plaintiffs request.

Section VI, entitled "Eligibility for Re-Employment," is a separate and distinct section of the Settlement Agreement and establishes TWA's obligation to offer retraining to members of the plaintiffs' class and to offer re-employment only to those plaintiffs who satisfactorily complete the flight attendant retraining classes. While it is true that section VI requires TWA to offer retraining within one year following the effective date of the final order, section VI contains no reference to or language establishing a time frame within which TWA must offer the plaintiffs re-employment. Section VI merely obligates TWA to provide the opportunity for re-employment to a certain class of former flight attendants who successfully complete the retraining classes TWA is required to provide. Labeled "Eligibility for Re-Employment," section VI sets forth the conditions under which TWA will offer re-employment to the plaintiffs and there is no language in section VI that explains, defines or even refers to the plaintiffs' right to re-employment once they have become "eligible for re-employment." Thus, we must examine the other language in the contract referring to the time frame and/or the date of re-employment.

Section IX of the Settlement Agreement, on the other hand, is entitled "Re-Employment Procedures." This section states that upon the successful completion of retraining, class members "will be permitted to select assignment to a flight attendant base (or bases) of her choice at which a...

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