Albert Levine Associates v. Bertoni & Cotti

• Decision Date: 21 January 1970
• Docket Number: No. 68 Civ. 4238.,68 Civ. 4238.
• Citation: 309 F. Supp. 456
• Parties: ALBERT LEVINE ASSOCIATES, a co-partnership consisting of Albert Levine and Arnold H. Levine, doing business under the said assumed name, Plaintiffs, v. BERTONI & COTTI et al., Defendants.
• Court: U.S. District Court — Southern District of New York

309 F. Supp. 456

ALBERT LEVINE ASSOCIATES, a co-partnership consisting of Albert Levine and Arnold H. Levine, doing business under the said assumed name, Plaintiffs, v. BERTONI & COTTI et al., Defendants.

No. 68 Civ. 4238.

United States District Court, S. D. New York.

January 21, 1970.

Albert Levine, Jamaica, N. Y., for plaintiffs.

Bisco, Winkler & Higgiston, New York City, for defendants Shaul Equipment & Supply Co., Inc., George Holder and Lester W. Ginanni; John E. Higgiston, Jr., New York City, of counsel.

OPINION

COOPER, District Judge.

Defendants, Shaul Equipment and Supply Co., Inc. (hereinafter "Shaul"), George Holder (President of Shaul), and Lester W. Ginanni (General Manager and Ass't. Treasurer of Shaul) move pursuant to Rule 12(b) F.R.Civ.P. to quash service of process and dismiss the pending action brought under § 4 and § 16 of the Clayton Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 15, 26.

Plaintiff, "a co-partnership doing business in New York" claims that it was engaged in the business of importing and selling of replacement parts for crawler tractors to various distributors throughout the United States. It alleges¹ that Bertoni & Cotti, S.p.A., a foreign corporation located in Italy, the manufacturers of "Berco" tractor replacement parts, entered into a combination conspiracy and agreement with plaintiff's competitors, thirteen other corporations and individuals, all foreign corporations or residents of foreign states except one corporate defendant and one individual defendant who allegedly reside in New York, to refuse to sell its products to plaintiff. To effectuate this conspiracy, plaintiff alleges that all of the defendants met in New York City for three days, on or about October 30, 31, and November 1, 1965; and that as a result of this meeting the illegal agreement was entered into, and such agreement has interfered with and injured plaintiff's business.

Plaintiff sought to obtain service of process of the moving defendants by serving the individual defendants personally in Pennsylvania, and by personally serving defendant Holder in his corporate capacity as President of Shaul, effect service on the corporation.

The defendants now move to quash this service of process and dismiss the action on the grounds that plaintiff failed to obtain in personam jurisdiction and that venue has been improperly laid in the Southern District.

Venue under the Clayton Act

The Clayton Act specifically provides venue requirements for both individual and corporate defendants:

Section 4 of the Clayton Act (15 U.S. C. § 15)

Any person who shall be injured in his business or property by reason of anything forbidden in the antitrust laws may sue therefor in any district court of the United States in the district in which the defendant resides or is found or has an agent, without respect to the amount in controversy * * *

Section 12 of the Clayton Act (15 U.S. C. § 22)

Any suit, action, or proceeding under the antitrust laws against a corporation may be brought not only in the judicial district whereof it is an inhabitant, but also in any district wherein it may be found or transacts business: * * *

From the papers before us we find neither Holder or Ginanni resides, is found, or has an agent in the Southern District,² and Shaul neither an inhabitant nor found here. However, as to the corporate defendant Shaul, the question remains whether the venue requirement of § 12 is satisfied by Shaul's "transacting of business" within this district.

While the term "transacts business" was intentionally added by Congress to broaden venue in antitrust cases and allow an aggrieved party a larger number of available forums, the term has not been considered as providing plaintiff with an unlimited choice. Stern Fish Co. v. Century Seafoods, Inc., 254 F.Supp. 151 (E.D.Pa.1966); Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Federal Pacific Elec. Co., 208 F.Supp. 936 (N.D.Ill. 1962). Soon after § 12's enactment, the Supreme Court defined the standard to be applied when determining whether a corporation transacted business within a jurisdiction: "* * * if in fact, in the ordinary and usual sense, it transacts business therein of any substantial character." Eastman Kodak Co. v. Southern Photo Co., 273 U.S. 359, 373, 47 S.Ct. 795, 68 S.Ct. 855, 92 L.Ed. 1091 (1948); Rhode Island Fittings Co. v. Grinnell Corp. J.D., 215 F.Supp. 198 (D.R.I. 1963). Each case of this kind is governed by its individual facts as applied to this "practical, nontechnical, business standard." United States v. Burlington Industries, Inc., 247 F.Supp. 185, 188 (S.D.N.Y.1965); Abrams v. Bendix v. Scophony Corp. of America, 333 U.S. Home Appliances, Inc., 96 F.Supp. 3 (S. 400, 71 L.Ed. 684 (1927); United States D.N.Y.1951).

The affidavit of George Holder, filed in support of the motion, states that Shaul is "in the business of selling and servicing heavy construction equipment and replacement parts;" is a Pennsylvania Corporation with its principal office there; all Shaul stockholders and officers are Pennsylvania residents; Shaul is neither licensed to do business in New York, nor does any business in New York; owns no property in New York; has no agents, resident representative, or "any other type of representative" in New York; has no dealer jobbers or independent contractors located in New York or representing it in the sale of merchandise in New York; sends no salesman or other representative into New York, or in any way solicits sales in New York; and maintains no branch plant, office, showroom or salesroom in New York. Holder further states that Shaul has "primarily a local intrastate business, sales for the most part being concentrated within the area of the company's main office;" that "on occasion" Shaul receives out of state orders for replacement parts which it fills by shipment from its Pennsylvania plants; that from 1965, the date the alleged conspiracy originated until the present, Shaul's only sales in New York were to "two fellow distributors who submitted unsolicited orders to fill gaps in their inventories" totaling approximately $14,000; that absolute sales during the same period amounted to nearly $2,000,000.

The plaintiff, in rebuttal, submits that "jurisdiction against all of the defendants herein is based upon the defendant's committing a tortious act³ within the State of New York," and that pursuant to the New York long-arm statute, N.Y.C.P.L.R. §§ 302(a) (2), 313, "jurisdiction" over all defendants was properly obtained by personal service in Pennsylvania. Despite plaintiff's apparently exclusive reliance on this theory, he also alleges that defendant Shaul transacted business in New York by "openly soliciting trade by national advertisement" and "by having a dealer for the resale of their Berco parts in the State of New Jersey who as defendant's agent solicits and transacts business in the State of New York, with shipment of Berco parts."

This Court, in a prior memorandum,⁴ requested the parties to furnish additional information concerning defendant's business activities in New York, specifically directing plaintiff to submit evidentiary amplification of its "conclusory" and "unsupported" statements concerning the relationship between defendant and their alleged New Jersey "agent." Plaintiff apparently failed to comprehend the significance of the data requested by the Court, and continued its misplaced reliance on the theory "I stress again the fact that jurisdiction is relied upon herein exclusively upon the commission of a tortious act within the city and state of New York."⁵

Thus, upon a review of all the facts as presented in the memoranda and affidavits submitted, there are only three relevant connections between defendant and New York which could support a finding that defendant transacts business here: its direct sales into New York, its alleged "agents" business in New York, its national advertising.⁶

As previously noted, Shaul sold replacement parts "to two fellow distributors who submitted orders to fill gaps in their inventories" amounting to approximately $14,000 out of sales totaling nearly $2,000,000. While the dollar figure or percentage of sales are means of measuring the substantiality of business contacts, of equal importance is the type of product involved in the sales, the continuity with which the sales are conducted, and the manner in which the sales are obtained. School Dist. of Philadelphia v. Kurtz Bros., 240 F.Supp. 361 (E.D.Pa.1965). We find these two isolated unsolicited sales, amounting to only a minute fraction of defendants' overall business, do not amount to transaction of business.

Further, plaintiff's allegations that Cook Industries served as defendant's agent to solicit and fill orders in New York remains uncorroborated. In fact, the letter agreement between Shaul and Cook, apparently providing for Cook to operate as an independent distributor of Berco parts purchased on a consignment basis from Shaul, explicitly restricted Cook's operation to territory in Eastern Pennsylvania and South Jersey.

Finally, national advertising which finds its way into a particular jurisdiction is insufficient to support a finding of transaction of business. Cf. Reeder Contractors of Arizona v. Higgins Industries, Inc., 265 F.2d 768 (9th Cir.1959); MacInnes v. Fontainebleau Hotel Corp., 257 F.2d 832 (2d Cir.1958).

Therefore, we conclude that the totality of defendant Shaul's activities in New York is insufficient to support a finding that it transacted business here. The cumulative activities of Shaul has failed to satisfy § 12's venue requirement. Stern Fish Co. v. Century Seafoods, Inc., 254 F.Supp. 151 (E.D.Pa. 1966) ("some amount of business continuity and certainly more than a few isolated and peripheral contacts"); Rhode Island Fittings Co. v. Grinnell Corp., J. D., 215 F.Supp. 198 (D.R.I.1963) ("of a substantial character, and it must have some degree of continuity"); Sunbury Wire Rope Mfg. Co. v. United States Steel Corp., 129...