Allen v. Hadden, 83-1502

• Decision Date: 10 July 1984
• Docket Number: No. 83-1502,83-1502
• Citation: 738 F.2d 1102
• Parties: John Brett ALLEN, Petitioner-Appellee, v. John T. HADDEN, Warden and the U.S. Parole Commission, Respondents-Appellants.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Tenth Circuit

Page 1102

738 F.2d 1102

John Brett ALLEN, Petitioner-Appellee, v. John T. HADDEN, Warden and the U.S. Parole Commission Respondents-Appellants.

No. 83-1502.

United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit.

July 10, 1984.

Toby D. Slawsky, Atty., U.S. Parole Commission, Chevy Chase, Md. (Joseph A. Barry, General Counsel, U.S. Parole Commission, and Patrick J. Glynn, Atty., U.S. Parole Commission, Chevy Chase, Md., and Robert N. Miller, U.S. Atty., and Douglas W. Curless, Asst. U.S. Atty., District of Colorado, Denver, Colo., with him on the briefs), for respondents-appellants.

Scott H. Robinson of Gerash & Robinson, P.C., Denver, Colo., for petitioner-appellee.

Before BARRETT, LOGAN and SEYMOUR, Circuit Judges.

SEYMOUR, Circuit Judge.

Warden John Hadden and the United States Parole Commission appeal from the district court's order remanding to the Commission its parole decision regarding John Brett Allen. Allen v. Hadden, 558 F.Supp. 400 (D.Colo.1983) (Allen II ). We have determined that the appeal is well-founded, and accordingly we reverse the district court's decision.

I.

Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Secs. 4201 et seq. (1982), the Parole Commission has adopted a regulation that provides guidelines for determining when parole normally should be granted. See 28 C.F.R. Sec. 2.20 (1983). The regulation establishes a grid. One coordinate of the grid contains a "salient factor score" which attempts to evaluate a prisoner's potential risk of violating parole. ¹ The other coordinate contains a severity rating which reflects the severity of the prisoner's underlying offense. ² Once the Parole Commission has determined the score and rating for a prisoner, the grid provides a suggested range of time that the prisoner should serve before being released on parole.

The time ranges given are not mandatory; they are merely guidelines. "Where the circumstances warrant," the Commission may choose a presumptive parole date outside the guidelines, either above or below the suggested time range. Id. Sec. 2.20(c). Similarly, while the regulation provides instructions for rating certain offense behaviors, "especially mitigating or aggravating circumstances in a particular case may justify a decision or a severity rating different from that listed." Id. Sec. 2.20(d). Thus, the regulation attempts to "promote a more consistent exercise of discretion, and enable fairer and more equitable decision-making without removing individual case consideration." Id. Sec. 2.20(a)

On April 3, 1981, the regional parole commissioner reviewing Allen's case assigned him a presumptive parole date of 78 months based on a severity rating of Greatest II and a salient factor score of 10. The guidelines then in effect suggested a presumptive parole date of 52 months or more under such circumstances. See 28 C.F.R. Sec. 2.20 (1980). Since Allen had served about 22 months by the date of the decision, the order prohibited Allen's release any time earlier than November 6, 1985.

Allen took an administrative appeal, as a result of which the National Appeals Board downgraded his severity rating from Greatest II to Greatest I. With the downgraded severity rating and his salient factor score of 10, the guidelines indicated a presumptive parole date between 40 and 52 months. Nevertheless, the Board affirmed the presumptive parole date of 78 months originally issued by the regional commissioner. The Board set forth a number of aggravating factors which it felt justified going above the guidelines.

Allen then brought this habeas corpus petition in federal district court under 28 U.S.C. Sec. 2241 (1982), alleging inter alia that in going above the guidelines, the Parole Commission had used as aggravating factors the same facts that it had used to determine his offense severity rating and his salient factor score. See Allen v. Hadden, 536 F.Supp. 586 (D.Colo.1982) (Allen I ). The district court agreed, and on this ground and others the court remanded Allen's case to the Commission for a redetermination of Allen's presumptive parole date. Id. at 598. Specifically, the court ordered that

"[n]one of the factors used to determine offense severity or petitioner's salient factor score shall also be used as justification for making a parole determination outside of the guidelines .... [T]he respondents shall make a determination of petitioner's parole status ... within sixty (60) days of the date of this order. If such a determination is not made within this time, the petitioner may petition this court for further appropriate relief. This court will therefore retain jurisdiction to issue any orders that shall be necessary in the future."

Id. at 600.

Respondents initially appealed the order, but they dismissed the appeal when the Parole Commission issued a new Notice of Action on June 4, 1982, which established a presumptive parole date of 60 months. Allen's salient factor score remained 10, but his severity rating was further downgraded from Greatest I to Very High for his underlying offense. Additionally, the Commission factored in Allen's escape and absence from a federal prison for more than seven days. Although the combined guideline range for such date was 32 to 48 months, the Commission chose to go above the guidelines. Allen returned to the district court, which ruled that the Commission had failed to follow the court's earlier order by again using the same factors both to determine Allen's severity rating and to go above the guidelines. See Allen II, 558 F.Supp. at 403. The court declared that "if compliance with this order is not obtained within the sixty (60) day period or reasonable, but limited, extension thereof for good cause shown, I shall grant the petition and issue the writ." Id. at 404. Respondents then brought this appeal, alleging the district court erred in holding that the Commission had double-counted certain facts in going above the guidelines.

II.

This case is controlled by our recent decision in Sotelo v. Hadden, 721 F.2d 700 (10th Cir.1983), decided after the district court's second decision. As in the present case, the Parole Commission in Sotelo decided to make a parole determination above the guidelines. The Commission determined Sotelo's offense severity on the bases that: (1) Sotelo was involved in the distribution of more than fifty grams of pure heroin; (2) Sotelo had a managerial and proprietary interest in the distribution; and (3) Sotelo jumped bond and failed to appear on the heroin charge for approximately two years. 721 F.2d at 701-02. The reasons given for going above the guidelines were: (1) Sotelo's leadership role in the heroin distribution; (2) the magnitude of the operation; and (3) that the operation was ongoing for one and one-half years. Id. at 702. Sotelo argued that the facts used by the Parole Commission to justify going above the guidelines were the same as those given for assigning his offense severity, and that such double-counting is impermissible.

We held in Sotelo that the facts relied on for each determination were not the same. Obviously, some relationship exists between Sotelo's involvement in the distribution of more than fifty grams of pure heroin and the magnitude of the operation. Similarly, Sotelo's managerial interest and leadership role in the heroin distribution are related factors. That these factors are related, however, does not mean they are the same.

"[T]here is a great difference between distributing only 50 grams of heroin and distributing 100 pounds of heroin a month, the magnitude of the latter obviously being much greater than that of the former .... Also, a 'leadership role' in the distribution scheme is not necessarily identical to the finding that Sotelo also had a 'managerial' or 'proprietary' interest in the distribution. In short, the reasons given by the Board for going above the guidelines are not the same as the factors relied on by the Board in rating Sotelo's offense severity."

Id.

In the present case, the Parole Commission's June 4, 1982 Notice of Action reads as follows:

"Your offense behavior has been rated as very high severity insofar as it involved importation and possession with intent to distribute quantities of marijuana totaling 3300 pounds. You have a salient factor score of 10. You have been in custody a total of 37 months. Guidelines established by the Commission for adult cases indicate a range of 26 to 36 months imprisonment for cases with good institutional program performance and adjustment.

"You escaped from a federal prison camp and remained absent more than seven days. Guidelines established by the Commission indicate an additional range of 6 to 12 months imprisonment for that conduct.

"After review of all relevant factors and information presented, a decision above the combined guideline range (32 to 48 months) is found to be warranted because you are a poorer parole risk than indicated by your salient factor score. This conclusion is based on (1) your series of three major marijuana offenses over five years, which is indicative of a commitment to a criminal career, and (2) the fact that two of those three offenses were committed while you were on appeal bond from the first conviction."

Rec., vol. I, at 153-54.

The factors used to determine Allen's salient factor score are not at issue on appeal. Rather, Allen raises basically the same argument as Sotelo. He contends that the Parole Commission double-counted his three marijuana convictions by using them to arrive at his Very High severity rating and also to justify going above the guidelines. The Parole Commission cumulated his three marijuana convictions in order to reach the total poundage of marijuana used to assign him a Very High offense severity rating. It then used the fact that he had been involved in three separate offenses as one of the aggravating factors justifying going above the guidelines. In our view, this use of the three convictions does not amount to double-counting. On the...