Allers v. Tittsworth

• Decision Date: 02 October 1973
• Docket Number: No. 18,18
• Citation: 269 Md. 677,309 A.2d 476
• Parties: H. Lee ALLERS, Jr., Personal Representative of the Estate of George Rush Mullikin v. William B. TITTSWORTH et al., Personal Representatives of the Estate of Charles C. Croggon.
• Court: Maryland Court of Appeals

Page 677

269 Md. 677

309 A.2d 476

H. Lee ALLERS, Jr., Personal Representative of the Estate of George Rush Mullikin v. William B. TITTSWORTH et al., Personal Representatives of the Estate of Charles C. Croggon.

No. 18.

Court of Appeals of Maryland.

Oct. 2, 1973.

Bernard John Medairy, Jr., Towson, for appellant.

Daniel B. Leonard, Baltimore (Seymour O'Brien, Baltimore, on the brief), for appellees.

Before MURPHY, C. J., and BARNES, McWILLIAMS, SINGLEY, SMITH, DIGGES and LEVINE, JJ.

SINGLEY, Judge.

Chapter 3, § 1 of the Laws of 1969, effective 1 January 1970, Maryland Code (1957, 1969 Repl.Vol.) Art. 93 recodified our law respecting Decedents' Estates. The sole question here is whether the execution of a codicil on 25 May 1970 brought a will executed on 24 March 1969 within the ambit of the recodification. Because we regard the memorandum opinion of the Circuit Court of Baltimore City (Ross, J.) which heard the case below, as an excellent exposition of the facts and of the applicable law, we shall adopt it, with a minimal amount of editing:

'The sole issue here is whether testator's codicil executed May 25, 1970 made his will, which was executed March 24, 1969, subject to § 4-401 of Art. 93 which under Art. 93, § 12-102(c), applies only to wills executed on or after January 1, 1970. The case was submitted on the pleadings and an agreed statement of facts.

The testator, Charles C. Croggon, died October 3, 1971. Because his wife had predeceased him, the testator's entire estate will pass under Item Seventh of his will, which contains pecuniary bequests aggregating $160,000.00, and leaves the residue of the estate to the Haskins & Sells Foundation. Subparagraph 2 of that Item contains the following legacy:

'2. To my nephew, George Rush Millikin, presently residing in Baltimore, Maryland, the sum of Twenty-Five Thousand Dollars ($25,000).'

Subparagraphs 6 and 7 of the same Item read:

'6. I expressly provide that with respect to any of the above-named persons who shall predecease me, his or her bequest shall lapse and become a part of the balance of the rest, residue and remainder of my estate and shall be disposed of as set forth in the succeeding paragraph.

'7. The balance of the rest, residue and remainder of my estate after payment of all appropriate taxes and other expenses shall pass and be paid over and distributed absolutely and free of trust to the Haskins & Sells Foundation.'

The operative provisions of the codicil are set forth in two items which read as follows:

'Item I

'It is my intention by this Codicil to provide a legacy to my good friend, William B. Tittsworth, and to that end I hereby add to and amend Item Seventh of my Last Will and Testament executed on March 24, 1969 as follows:

'A. I hereby insert a new paragraph in said Item Seventh to follow immediately after paragraph 5 of said Item and to read as follows:

6. To my friend, William B. Tittsworth, who resides in Baltimore, Maryland, the sum of Twenty-Five Thousand Dollars ($25,000).

'B. I hereby amend by renumbering paragraph '6' of said Item Seventh and designate such paragraph of my said Will as paragraph '7'.

'C. I hereby amend by renumbering paragraph '7' of said Item Seventh and designate such paragraph of my said Will as paragraph '8'.'

'Item II

'In all other respects not inconsistent with this First Codicil, I hereby ratify, reaffirm and republish my said Last Will and Testament dated March 24, 1969.'

George Rush Mullikin, who was a nephew and an heir at law of the testator, died October 28, 1971, twenty-five days after the testator, leaving a will under which he left his entire estate in trust for his grandson. Charles C. Croggon was a widower who had had no children.

Art. 93, § 4-401 reads as follows:

'A legatee, other than his spouse, who fails to survive the testator by 30 full days is deemed to have predeceased the testator, unless the will of the decedent expressly creates a presumption that the legatee is deemed to survive the testator or requires that the legatee survive the testator for any stated period in order to take under the will and the legatee survives for the stated period.'

Section 12-101 of Art. 93 provides that the effective date of the Article is January 1, 1970 and § 12-102 provides:

'Unless otherwise specifically provided in another section of another subtitle of this article, the provisions of this article shall apply as follows:

(c) Subtitle IV shall apply to all wills ¹ executed on or after the effective date of this article, except that § 4-105 shall apply to any act or acts of revocation occurring on or after January 1, 1970.'

The following is the comment of the Governor's Commission to Review and Revise the Testamentary Law of Maryland (the Henderson Commission) respecting § 12-102(c), which was a part of the Commission's report and accompanied the draft bill submitted to the Legislature:

'The operation of subsection (c) can be illustrated by the following example: A executes a will on February 1, 1969. He then executes a Codicil on February 1, 1970, after the effective date of the statute. He dies on February 2, 1970. Section 12-102(a) provides that with respect to most of the proposed statute, since the decedent died after January 1, 1970, the provisions referred to in subsection (a) would be applicable. However, with respect to the execution of the will, where the rules of construction may have differed after the effective date of the statute, the Commission has provided that in subparagraph (c) of Section 12-102, Subtitle IV shall apply only to wills executed on or after the effective date of the Article. Since a Cidicil is ordinarily deemed to republish a will, it was the Commission's intent that the republication of the will would make the entire will subject to Subtitle IV of the statute. This is true even though the Codicil does not expressly republish the will. See Section 61 of Miller, The Construction of Wills in Maryland (1927), where the learned author stated that a codicil, whether expressly so stating or not, will automatically republish a will, unless the contrary intent is expressly stated in the codicil. In construing the effective date provision of this statute, therefore, it would not make any difference whether the codicil contained express language of republication; the codicil would automatically be deemed to be reexecution of the will, unless the codicil expressly stated to the contrary. (See, however, Section 4-105(a) for a provision of the statute which does require express language of republication in another context).'

Neither § 4-401 nor § 12-102(c) was amended in the legislative process. Both were enacted in the language submitted by the Henderson Commission. Laws of 1969, Ch. 3, § 1.

The principal contention of Mr. Allers, the personal represenatative of the estate of George Rush Mullikin, who filed a bill of complaint for the construction of the Croggon will, is that § 4-401 does not apply in this case because the will was executed prior to January 1, 1970 and the doctrine or rule of republication by codicil is not absolute but is subject to the limitation that the intention of the testator must not be defeated by its application. Allers maintains that the clearly expressed intention of the testator was to bequeath $25,000 to his nephew, that to apply the 30 day survival rule to that bequest would defeat the intention; and that therefore, the doctrine of republication is inapplicable. This contention is not sound.

It is clear from the comment quoted above that the Henderson Commission intended § 4-401 to apply to wills executed before January 1, 1970 where codicils were executed after that date. This comment was before the Legislature when it enacted Article 93 and undoubtedly the Legislature understood that such would be the effect of the enactment of the language submitted by the Commission with the comment. Plaintiff's argument that the court may not consider 'reports of the intention of the draftsmen' is misdirected. This language was taken from the opinion of the Court of Appeals in Liquor Stores Ass'n v. Commissioners, 171 Md. 426, 430, 189 A. 209, 210 (1937). The 'reports of the intention of the draftsmen' which the Court of Appeals excluded from consideration in that case were not reports of a revision commission but were statements made by the assistant attorney general who argued the case at trial to the effect that he had 'worked with Governor Ritchie in the drafting of the act' and he was aware of the importance which Governor Ritchie attached to the matter there in question. See brief...