Allison v. United States

• Decision Date: 17 February 1969
• Docket Number: No. 21862.,21862.
• Citation: 133 US App. DC 159,409 F.2d 445
• Parties: Allen ALLISON, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — District of Columbia Circuit

133 US App. DC 159, 409 F.2d 445 (1969)

Allen ALLISON, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Appellee.

No. 21862.

United States Court of Appeals District of Columbia Circuit.

Argued December 19, 1968.

Decided February 17, 1969.

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Mr. Gilbert C. Miller, Washington, D. C. (appointed by this court) for appellant. Mr. Lucien Hilmer, Washington, D. C. (appointed by this court) also entered an appearance for appellant.

Mr. Robert P. Watkins, Asst. U. S. Atty., with whom Messrs. David G. Bress, U. S. Atty., and Frank Q. Nebeker, Asst. U. S. Atty., were on the brief, for appellee.

Before DANAHER^*, McGOWAN and LEVENTHAL, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

Appellant was charged in a two count indictment with (1) assault with intent to commit carnal knowledge¹ and (2) taking indecent liberties with a minor child.² After a trial, the jury returned verdicts of guilty on the former count and not guilty on the latter. Appellant here contends that his motion for judgment of acquittal should have been granted as to count 1, on the grounds that the Government failed to prove the elements of the offense and that the complaining witness's testimony was not sufficiently corroborated.

Mary Brown, the prosecutrix, was eleven years old at the time of the alleged assault. She was walking home with her ten-year old brother, Joseph, and her five-year old cousin, Edward, when appellant stopped the three and took Joseph into his house. Mary and Edward followed. Appellant gave Joseph some money and sent him to the store for some sodas. As Mary was leaving the house with the two boys, appellant grabbed her and slammed the door. After trying to kiss her, he put a white shirt on the couch and threw her upon it. Some wrestling and screaming ensued, during which, in Mary's words, appellant threatened to "cut my neck off" if she continued to scream. Mary testified that appellant then "opened his zipper and took out his private,"³ got on top of her, and "tried to pull my pants down." At about that point, Joseph and Edward returned with the sodas. Finding the door closed and hearing the screams of his sister, Joseph looked through the keyhole and saw appellant on top of Mary, holding her down on the couch. He banged and kicked on the door. Mary apparently freed herself and ran to the door, where Joseph told her how to open it. As Mary ran out, Joseph gave appellant the sodas and the change and then ran home with Edward.

Shortly afterwards, Miss Nettie Farrow went to Mary's house to find out why she was crying. Mary told her that "some man had pulled her in the house." During this time Mary "looked like she was in hysterics." Miss Farrow and Mary then left to find a policeman. Officer Geffen testified that he was summoned by Mary, who was waving her arms and yelling for the police. She was crying and appeared "emotionally upset, sort of hysterical." Over the objection of defense counsel, Officer Geffen was permitted to testify that Mary told him "that a man had taken her in his room and laid her on a couch, and dropped his pants and tried to put his private in her."⁴ Appellant was subsequently arrested.

I.

Our reading of the transcript and review of the controlling case law compels us to conclude that there was insufficient corroboration to sustain a conviction of assault with intent to commit carnal knowledge.

A. It is the law of this jurisdiction that no person may be convicted of a "sex offense" on the uncorroborated testimony of the alleged victim.⁵ As a general rule, corroboration is required as to both (1) the corpus delicti and (2) the identity of the accused.⁶ In both instances, the corroboration need not be "direct" (i.e., the testimony of an eye-witness);⁷ rather, it may consist of "circumstances in proof which tend to support the prosecutrix' story * * *."⁸ Although the requirement of corroboration as to identity may be relaxed in certain circumstances,⁹ we have never diluted the requirement that the corpus delicti be corroborated.¹⁰ Indeed, we have shown a special concern for corroboration of the corpus delicti in cases involving young girls; our "traditional skepticism"¹¹ towards the accusations of children has prompted us to hold that the corpus delicti in the case of assault with intent to carnally know may not be established by the victim's spontaneous declarations.¹²

Since no question is here raised concerning identification, our only task is to evaluate the sufficiency of corroboration as to the corpus delicti. It is clear that the corpus delicti in a given case consists of all the material elements of the crime charged.¹³ We pass, therefore, to a discussion of the material elements of an assault with intent to commit carnal knowledge.

B. Our starting point is Hammond v. United States, 75 U.S.App.D.C. 397, 127 F.2d 752 (1942), wherein we set forth the elements of an assault with intent to commit rape as follows: "(1) an assault, (2) an intent to have carnal knowledge of the female, and (3) a purpose to carry into effect this intent with force and against the consent of the female." 75 U.S.App.D.C. at 398, 127 F.2d at 753. When the intended victim is a child under the age of 16, the third element is dispensed with,¹⁴ so that intent to use force need not be alleged or proved.¹⁵ We are left, therefore, with two elements (plus the fact of the prosecutrix' minority), as to the first of which appellant apparently concedes the record contains sufficient corroboration. It is his "intent to have carnal knowledge" that he argues was not proved and, if proved, not corroborated.

Putting aside for a moment the matter of corroboration, we have no doubt that the Government's case established an intent to commit carnal knowledge. According to the testimony of the prosecutrix, appellant grabbed her, attempted to kiss her, threw her on a couch upon which he had placed a white shirt, threatened to harm her if she screamed, exposed himself, got on top of her, and attempted to remove her pants. If this testimony were corroborated it would surely support a jury finding that, beyond a reasonable doubt, appellant entertained the intention to carnally know the prosecutrix.¹⁶

C. Although parts of Mary Brown's testimony were, of course, corroborated, the record is barren of corroboration as to the material facts indicating an intent to commit carnal knowledge. We have the testimony of Joseph that he (1) heard his sister screaming and (2) saw appellant on top of her on the couch. We have the testimony of Miss Farrow and Officer Geffen, which tend to show (1) Mary's prompt reports to a friend and the police and (2) her distraught and emotional condition. Finally, the record discloses no apparent motive for Mary to fabricate her story.¹⁷ Certainly this corroboration would support a conviction of taking indecent liberties. But it could not withstand a motion for judgment of acquittal as to assault with intent to commit carnal knowledge.

There is no corroboration as to most of what purportedly took place in appellant's apartment, including most significantly appellant's attempts to kiss Mary, his exposure of himself, and his attempts to remove her clothing.¹⁸ Since, therefore, the corpus delicti was uncorroborated, appellant's conviction of assault with intent to commit carnal knowledge cannot stand.

II.

We come now to the question of disposition. Guided by our decision in Austin v. United States, 127 U.S.App. D. C. 180, 382 F.2d 129 (1967), we have concluded that the cause should be remanded with instructions to enter a judgment of guilty of taking indecent liberties with a minor child. We discuss below the problems such disposition may seem to raise.

A. In Austin, we construed 28 U.S.C. § 2106 (1964)¹⁹ as authorizing federal appellate courts to modify a criminal judgment by reducing the conviction to that of a lesser included offense. We emphasized, however, that the circumstances in which such authority may be exercised are limited. It must be clear (1) that the evidence adduced at trial fails to support one or more elements of the crime of which appellant was convicted, (2) that such evidence sufficiently sustains all the elements of another offense, (3) that the latter is a lesser included offense of the former, and (4) that no undue prejudice will result to the accused. We have already concluded that the evidence in the instant case fails to support an element of assault with intent to commit carnal knowledge. Further analysis persuades us that it does sustain all the elements of taking indecent liberties with a minor child, that this is a lesser included offense of the assault crime, and that no undue prejudice will result to appellant by our directing entry of a judgment of guilty as to the lesser included offense.

The elements of the offense²⁰ are (1) taking immoral, improper, or indecent liberties with (2) a child under the age of 16, (3) with the intent of arousing, appealing to, or gratifying the lust, passions, or sexual desires of the child or of the accused. As we have already suggested,²¹ the record sustains all the elements of this offense. The corroborated testimony of Mary Brown surely supports an inference that appellant intended at least to arouse or gratify his own sexual desires. And, in this context, holding a young girl on a couch and getting on top of her certainly constitutes taking indecent liberties with her.

Our decisions leave no doubt that the crime of taking indecent liberties is a lesser included offense of assault with intent to commit carnal knowledge.²² As we stated in Younger v. United States, 105 U.S.App.D.C. 51, 52, 263 F.2d 735, 736, cert. denied, 360 U.S. 905, 79 S.Ct. 1289, 3 L.Ed.2d 1257 (1959):

An assault with intent to commit carnal knowledge on a child is most certainly the taking of indecent liberties with a child, but with the intent of going far beyond the liberties referred to in § 22-3501(a). The intent to commit carnal knowledge is to take indecent liberties

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