American Federation of Gov. Employees v. Veneman, 01-5035.

• Decision Date: 29 March 2002
• Docket Number: No. 01-5035.,01-5035.
• Citation: 284 F.3d 125
• Parties: AMERICAN FEDERATION OF GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES, AFL-CIO, et al., Appellants v. Ann M. VENEMAN, Secretary of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, et al., Appellees
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — District of Columbia Circuit

284 F.3d 125

AMERICAN FEDERATION OF GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES, AFL-CIO, et al., Appellants v. Ann M. VENEMAN, Secretary of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, et al., Appellees

No. 01-5035.

United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit.

Argued January 11, 2002.

Decided March 29, 2002.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Columbia (98cv00893).

Anne M. Wagner argued the cause and filed the briefs for appellants. With her on the briefs was Mark Roth.

Charles W. Scarborough, Attorney, U.S. Department of Justice, argued the cause for appellees. With him on the briefs were Roscoe C. Howard, Jr., U.S. Attorney, Mark B. Stern and Colette G. Matzzie, Attorneys, U.S. Department of Justice. Barbara C. Biddle, Assistant Director, U.S. Department of Justice, entered an appearance.

Before: GINSBURG, Chief Judge, RANDOLPH and TATEL, Circuit Judges.

Opinion for the Court filed by Circuit Judge RANDOLPH.

RANDOLPH, Circuit Judge:

This case returns to us after proceedings on remand from Am. Fed'n of Gov't Employees v. Glickman, 215 F.3d 7 (D.C.Cir.2000) ("AFGE I"). The United States Department of Agriculture ("USDA") had attempted to test a new inspection model at several hog and poultry processing plants. AFGE I held that, as implemented, the model program violated the Federal Meat Inspection Act ("FMIA"), 21 U.S.C. § 604, and the Poultry Products Inspection Act ("PPIA"), 21 U.S.C. § 455. While the case was on remand in the district court, the USDA modified its model program. The question now is whether the revised model program complies with these statutes.

Both statutes seek to ensure that all meat and poultry products processed for human consumption are wholesome and unadulterated. See 21 U.S.C. § 602; 21 U.S.C. § 451. The FMIA requires USDA inspectors to conduct a postmortem "examination and inspection of the carcasses and parts thereof of all cattle, sheep, swine, goats, horses, mules and other equines." 21 U.S.C. § 604. The PPIA requires USDA inspectors to conduct a "post mortem inspection of the carcass of each bird processed." 21 U.S.C. § 455(b).

The USDA's Food Safety and Inspection Service ("FSIS") traditionally assigned federal inspectors to processing lines where they conducted "organoleptic" inspections of carcasses, relying on sight, touch and smell in examining the head, viscera, and exterior of the carcasses to detect signs of adulteration, such as tumors, parasites and other diseases. See AFGE I, 215 F.3d at 8, 10. In "the mid-1990s, FSIS embarked on a comprehensive food safety initiative targeting the agency's resources at what it perceived as a serious health risk — foodborne pathogens, such as salmonella and E. coli, which cannot be detected by organoleptic inspection. At the same time it determined to make changes in the current inspection process to combat these microbial causes of foodborne illness, FSIS addressed what it considered to be another failure of the present regulatory system — that it provides processing plants with little incentive to detect and eliminate unacceptable carcasses before presenting them for inspection." AFGE I, 215 F.3d at 9.

"In July 1996, FSIS took the first step in implementing its new initiative by promulgating the Pathogen Reduction/Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (`HACCP') final rule. See 61 Fed.Reg. 38,806 (1996)." 215 F.3d at 9. The rule required meat and poultry plants to develop and install a system of preventive controls to ensure the safety of their products. See 61 Fed.Reg. 38,814; see also 9 C.F.R. § 417.2(a). Because the HACCP rule gave processing plants greater control over production decisions, FSIS determined that changes in its traditional organoleptic inspection methods would be necessary to realign the roles of federal inspectors with the new HACCP philosophy. See 61 Fed. Reg. 38,818. Accordingly, in 1997 FSIS published a notice in the Federal Register explaining that as a result of the HACCP final rule, "[e]very aspect of traditional FSIS methods of inspection for slaughter and processing needs to be reconsidered." 62 Fed.Reg. 31,553. The notice said the agency was launching the Inspection Models Development Project (the "Models Project"), through which it would design and test various new inspection models in a series of trials in volunteer meat and poultry slaughter establishments. See 62 Fed. Reg. 31,558. If — after gathering data on the various test models and preparing a final report analyzing the different models — the FSIS decided that its traditional inspection methods needed to be changed, then it pledged to initiate rulemaking to alter existing inspection procedures. 62 Fed.Reg. 31,558.

The first new inspection approach, tested at several volunteer processing plants under the Models Project, gave industry personnel the task of separating normal from abnormal carcasses and parts. Federal inspectors had two limited roles: oversight and verification. Oversight inspectors observed establishment personnel as they processed carcasses and removed unacceptable products from the food supply; verification inspectors randomly sampled carcasses to determine if the plant was complying with relevant performance standards. See AFGE I, 215 F.3d at 10.

In 1998, the plaintiffs in this action sought to enjoin implementation of the new inspection model, arguing that it violated the FMIA and PPIA because federal inspectors were not personally inspecting each carcass. The district court, finding the program in compliance with the statutes, granted summary judgment for the government. We reversed and remanded. See AFGE I, 215 F.3d at 7. Because the model program had federal employees "inspecting people not carcasses," the USDA was not fulfilling its statutory duty to conduct post-mortem inspections of carcasses. See id. at 11.

On remand, plaintiffs moved for entry of an order consistent with AFGE I declaring that the USDA's inspection model violated the FMIA and PPIA. The government opposed the motion and moved for a declaratory judgment, arguing that it had modified its Models Project in response to the AFGE I decision. Only the declaration of Michael Grasso, the project manager of the FSIS's inspection program, offered a comprehensive written description of the modification, which was accomplished without a new rulemaking. Grasso's declaration explained that in the eleven poultry establishments voluntarily participating in the Models Project, the new program called for federal inspectors to play two roles: (1) "carcass inspectors" stationed at the end of slaughter lines would examine each poultry carcass for adulteration after the carcasses were eviscerated, sorted, washed and trimmed by establishment employees but before the carcasses were put into the chiller; and (2) "verification inspectors" would oversee the poultry establishment's inspection efforts. See Grasso Declaration at 5. In the three participating hog plants, the modified program called for federal carcass inspectors located at up to three fixed locations along the slaughter lines: in the area where the carcass and head were separated; where the carcass and viscera were separated; and at the pre-wash verification location. See id. at 8.^* These inspectors would be responsible for examining the carcass, head, and viscera of all hogs. See id. Other inspectors would also be assigned to hog plants to verify the effectiveness of the plant's process control systems.

The USDA told the district court that it would begin implementing the modified inspection system in two of the eleven poultry plants on September 18, 2000, and that it would complete implementation in all fourteen participating plants no later than November 6, 2000. Plaintiffs objected on the grounds that the modified program violated the FMIA, PPIA, and conflicted with AFGE I because it did not require federal inspectors to subject each carcass to a close and critical appraisal. The government defended on the basis that the main error in the prior program had been remedied because federal inspectors would be directly observing each carcass to determine whether or not it was adulterated.

The district court granted plaintiffs' motion for a remedial order, declaring that the first model program violated the FMIA and PPIA. See Am. Fed'n of Gov't Employees v. Glickman, 127 F.Supp.2d 243 (D.D.C.2001). As to the modified program, the court determined that Congress had not unambiguously expressed its intent about how much "inspection" is required by the statutes. Relying on Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, 467 U.S. 837, 104 S.Ct. 2778, 81 L.Ed.2d 694 (1984), the court concluded that the modified program reflected USDA's reasonable interpretation of the statutes.

In the first appeal in this case, we were faced with the issue "whether the statutes permit federal inspectors to step back from the processing lines and perform their inspection duties by overseeing inspections conducted by plant employees." 215 F.3d at 8. Both the FMIA and PPIA yielded a certain solution: the statutes require federal inspectors to inspect animal carcasses not people. The issue in this second appeal is of a different sort. Federal inspectors are now examining carcasses, but are they properly performing "inspections," as the statutes require?

Courts pronouncing on the meaning of a word or phrase in a statute often declare generally that the meaning is "plain" or that it is "ambiguous." Such declarations may mask a critical analytical step. A statute can be clear or unclear depending on what question we want it to answer. We may borrow H.L.A. Hart's famous hypothetical to illustrate the point. Imagine the following law: "No vehicle may be taken into the park." H.L.A. HART, THE CONCEPT OF LAW...