Andrew v. Buskirk, 17-3011
| Decision Date | 29 May 2019 |
| Docket Number | No. 17-3011,17-3011 |
| Parties | FRANK E. ANDREW, Appellant v. TODD BUSKIRK; FRANK LONGENBACH; ROBIN STANLEY |
| Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Third Circuit |
NOT PRECEDENTIAL
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
July 10, 2018
Before: GREENAWAY, JR., RESTREPO and BIBAS, Circuit Judges.
Appellant Frank Andrew claims that several Pennsylvania prison officials violated his constitutional rights by detaining him past the expiration of his maximum term of imprisonment. The District Court found that no such over-detention occurred and that the officials were entitled to summary judgment on Andrew's claims. While the question of Andrew's over-detention has no clear answer under Pennsylvania law, we find that the defendants are nonetheless entitled to qualified immunity with respect to Andrew's claims. We will affirm.
Because we write principally for the parties, we set out the facts only as needed for the discussion below. From 2010 to 2014, Andrew served several jail sentences in three Pennsylvania counties for separate state offenses and parole violations. See Andrew v. Buskirk, No. 16-3851, 2017 WL 3485872, at *1-2 (E.D. Pa. Aug. 14, 2017).
In September 2010, Andrew was sentenced to a term of 11 ½ to 23 months in Bucks County Jail. Five months later, he was sentenced to a term of 11 ½ to 23 months in Northampton County Jail on separate charges with an order that this sentence run concurrently with the Bucks County sentence. After completing the minimum of his sentence in Northampton County, Andrew was paroled and sent to Bucks County tocomplete the minimum of his sentence there. He was paroled one month later, in September 2011.1
On June 5, 2012, Andrew was arrested and detained in Bucks County Jail on new charges. He pled guilty and was sentenced to twelve months of probation. See Notice of Removal, Dist. Ct. ECF No. 1, at 12. Because Andrew still had pending parole violation hearings in Bucks and Northampton Counties, he remained detained in Bucks County Jail even after receiving a sentence of probation.2 Andrew was released in March 2013 after serving separate parole violation sentences in each county.3
In December 2013, Andrew again violated parole in Bucks and Northampton Counties. At his Bucks County parole violation hearing, the judge ordered that sentencingbe deferred for ninety days.4 One week later, at Andrew's Northampton County parole violation hearing, the judge revoked his parole and sentenced him to the remainder of the maximum term of his Northampton sentence. On the sentencing sheet, the judge wrote App. 32. During this period of incarceration, Andrew unsuccessfully filed multiple grievances, arguing that he was entitled to credit on his Northampton sentence for the time he spent detained in Bucks County in 2012. After exhausting the grievance process, he retained an attorney who procured a new order from the Northampton County sentencing judge awarding Andrew credit for time served in Bucks County. Andrew was immediately released from Northampton County Jail upon its receipt of the order.
After his release, Andrew filed suit against three Northampton County Department of Corrections officials, asserting that his Northampton sentence was carried out beyond his 23-month maximum period of incarceration due to the officials' failure to credit his sentence with the time he was detained in Bucks County in 2012.5 He alleged two claims: a violation of his Eighth Amendment right to be free of cruel and unusual punishmentand a violation of his right not to be falsely imprisoned.6 The parties exchanged discovery and subsequently filed cross-motions for summary judgment. The District Court granted summary judgment in favor of the Northampton County officials. Andrew appealed.
The District Court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and 1343(a)(3). We have jurisdiction over the District Court's grant of summary judgment to the defendants under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.7
We review de novo a court's decision to grant summary judgment. Burns v. Pa. Dep't of Corr., 642 F.3d 163, 170 (3d Cir. 2011). We view the facts and draw all reasonable inferences "in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party," id. (quoting Armbruster v. Unisys Corp, 32 F.3d 769, 777 (3d Cir. 1994)), and affirm when there is no genuine issue of material fact, Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). Here, the material facts are uncontested, and there remains only an issue of law: whether the prison officials were required to credit Andrew's June 2012 detention in Bucks County toward his Northampton County sentence. Andrew argues that because his original Northampton sentence was ordered to run concurrently with his original Bucks sentence, his timeserved in Northampton County for a parole violation should be credited with his time detained in Bucks County for a parole violation as well. He further argues that the defendants' refusal to credit his Northampton sentence in this manner renders them liable under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for violating his constitutional rights. We disagree on both points. It is not clear that Andrew's Northampton sentence should have been credited in the way he suggests, and to the extent that it is not clear, the defendants are entitled to qualified immunity on his claims.8
It is not immediately apparent from the facts of this case that the Northampton County Jail officials detained Andrew beyond his maximum period of incarceration. Andrew's sentences are governed by Pennsylvania law, which requires the award of credit for time served under four enumerated scenarios. See 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 9760. Andrew's theory—that his incarceration in two counties on revocation of parole for previously concurrent sentences should still be considered concurrent—does not fall into any of these scenarios. Pennsylvania common law is also silent as to his theory. We have not identified, and Andrew has not directed us to, any case law that requires, or even gives discretion to, prison officials to apply credit in one sentence to a separate sentence that was previously being served concurrently. Rather, we have found the opposite.
Under Pennsylvania law, when a person is incarcerated on violation of parole, it is at least arguable that time served on one such sentence does not have to be counted towards time served for a previously concurrent sentence. Merritt v. Pa. Bd. of Prob. & Parole, 539 A.2d 511, 512 (Pa. Commw. Ct. 1988), aff'd 574 A.2d 597 (Pa. 1990) (citations omitted). A sentence for violation of parole "is limited only by the maximum sentence" that could have been imposed under the original sentence. Commonwealth v. Presley, 193 A.3d 436, 445 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2018) (citing Commonwealth v. Pasture, 630 107 A.3d 21, 27-28 (Pa. 2014)); see also Pa. R. Crim. P. 708 (). Thus, Andrew's original sentencing order controlled his future parole violation sentence only to the extent that it limited his maximum term to 23 months. It did not, and could not, mandate that a future sentencing court must order a parole violation sentence to run concurrently with future parole violation sentences in other counties. And contrary to Andrew's argument, the defendants had no "duty or authority" to infer any such mandate or "correct Mr. Andrew's sentence calculation themselves." Appellant's Reply Br. 6.
Andrew argues in the alternative that the 2014 instruction for his parole revocation to run "[c]oncurrent to all other sentences -incl- Bucks Cty," App. 32, should be read as granting credit for his earlier detention in Bucks County. This reading is not supported by any case law or the plain language of the instruction. A sentencing instruction of "concurrent" is not an instruction for credit. Sentencing judges intending to award credit ordinarily will state so, as we saw in multiple sentencing orders in this case. Seediscussion, supra note 3. Regardless, we need not become too transfixed on this point, as all of the defendants are entitled to qualified immunity with regard to Andrew's claims.
Qualified immunity "protects government officials from liability for civil damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known." Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 231 (2009). It is available "regardless of whether the government official's conduct results from a mistake of law, mistake of fact, or mistake based on mixed questions of law and fact." Montanez v. Thompson, 603 F.3d 243, 250 (3d Cir. 2010). We analyze a qualified immunity claim using a two-prong inquiry,9 and we may exercise our discretion in deciding which prong to address first. Pearson, 555 U.S. at 236. As a general matter, we have found that claims alleging over-detention under state law are best resolved under the "clearly established" prong, rather than the "alleged violation" prong. See Egolf v. Witmer, 526 F.3d 104, 110 (3d Cir. 2008) (). Accordingly, we turn to that analysis first.
A right is clearly established when "it would be clear to a reasonable officer that his conduct was unlawful in the situation he confronted." Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194,202 (2001) (citation omitted). Because we assess an alleged right in the specific context of the case, we look to the objective legal reasonableness of the officer's actions "in light of the legal rules that were clearly established at the time [the action] was...
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