Armour v. State

• Decision Date: 05 February 2002
• Docket Number: No. 49A02-0107-CR-485.,49A02-0107-CR-485.
• Parties: Tony ARMOUR, Appellant-Defendant, v. STATE of Indiana, Appellee-Plaintiff.
• Court: Indiana Appellate Court

762 N.E.2d 208

Tony ARMOUR, Appellant-Defendant, v. STATE of Indiana, Appellee-Plaintiff.

No. 49A02-0107-CR-485.

Court of Appeals of Indiana.

February 5, 2002.

Hilary Bowe Ricks, Indianapolis, IN, Attorney for Appellant.

Steve Carter, Attorney General of Indiana, Timothy W. Beam, Deputy Attorney General, Indianapolis, IN, Attorneys for Appellee.

OPINION

MATHIAS, Judge.

Tony Armour ("Armour") was convicted of possession of cocaine,¹ as a Class C felony, in Marion Superior Court. The trial court also determined that he was an habitual offender. He was sentenced to serve eight years, and that sentence was enhanced by eight years because of his habitual offender status. He appeals raising two issues, which we restate as:

I. Whether the trial court abused its discretion when it denied Armour's motion to suppress; and,

II. Whether there was sufficient evidence to support Armour's conviction for possession of cocaine, as a Class C felony.

We affirm.

Facts and Procedural History

On February 20, 2000, off duty Indianapolis Police Department Officer Douglas Arnold ("Officer Arnold") was working as a security employee for Motel 6 in Beech Grove, Indiana. Sometime that day, Officer Arnold learned that Room 139 was registered to Melanie Stover, and that there was an outstanding Marion County warrant for the arrest of a Melanie Stover on a charge of check deception. Before he attempted to serve the warrant, Officer Arnold requested backup from the Beech Grove Police Department. Two uniformed officers arrived to assist in serving the warrant, and Officer Arnold and the officers proceeded to Room 139 to ascertain if the individual in that room was the individual identified in the arrest warrant.

As they approached the doorway to the room and before they could knock, the door was opened by Armour. Through the open doorway, Officer Arnold observed that there were three individuals in the room, two males, including Armour, and a female. Officer Arnold identified himself and stated that they were looking for Melanie Stover. Armour replied that Stover was not in the room; however, because the female matched the basic description of Stover in the arrest warrant, Officer Arnold asked all three individuals in the room for identification. Armour and the female replied that they did not have any identification. The female told Officer Arnold that her name was Jennifer Hill, and Armour stated that his name was Tony Savage. Later, Armour told Officer Arnold his name is actually Tony Armour, but he goes by the name of Tony Savage.

Officer Arnold testified at trial that while he was in the process of attempting to obtain identification from the individuals in the room, he saw a crack pipe lying on the bed in plain view. He also observed an open black shaving bag on the floor with two test tubes sticking out of it. The test tubes appeared to be wet and had a white or yellow residue clinging to the sides. Additionally, two glasses, rubbing alcohol and a white or yellow residue were on the table next to the bed. There were plastic bags on the table, and one of the bags appeared to contain marijuana.

Based on Officer Arnold's observation of the crack pipe, test tubes, alcohol and residue, Armour and the other occupants of the room were arrested for possession of cocaine and drug paraphernalia. During the search of Armour incident to his arrest, an officer discovered 2.9052 grams of cocaine, money, and baking soda inside his coat pocket. A total of 6.1125 grams of cocaine was found inside the hotel room.

The State charged Armour with possession of cocaine, as a Class C felony, due to the fact that the total amount of cocaine found in the room exceeded three grams, and with being an habitual offender. Prior to trial, Armour moved to suppress all "physical evidence discovered directly or indirectly as a result of the illegal search" of the hotel room and Armour's subsequent arrest. Appellant's App. p. 31. In denying the motion, the trial court determined that Armour had not established a reasonable expectation of privacy in the hotel room, and that Officer Arnold's observation of the crack pipe was made from a place where he had a right to be. Id. at 65. Armour's subsequent motion to reconsider was also denied.

A bench trial was held on April 16, 2001. At trial, the trial court admitted the physical evidence Officer Arnold collected from the hotel room over Armour's renewed objection. The trial court found Armour guilty of possession of cocaine, as a Class C felony. Armour then admitted to being an habitual offender. Armour was sentenced to eight years, and that sentence was enhanced by eight years due to the habitual offender determination, for a total sentence of sixteen years. Armour appeals.

I. Motion to Suppress

Armour argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it denied his motion to suppress. Armour first argues that the issue of standing has been waived by the State; next, that he had a reasonable expectation of privacy in the hotel room; and finally, that even if he did not have a reasonable expectation of privacy, Officer Arnold performed an illegal search of the hotel room, which led to his illegal arrest.

The admissibility of evidence is within the sound discretion of the trial court and will not be disturbed absent a showing that the trial court abused its discretion. Johnson v. State, 710 N.E.2d 925, 927 (Ind.Ct.App.1999). Our review of a denial of a motion to suppress is similar to our review of other sufficiency matters. Goodner v. State, 714 N.E.2d 638, 641 (Ind.1999). The trial court's decision must be supported by substantial evidence of probative value. Id. We will not reweigh the evidence, and any conflicting evidence is considered in a light most favorable to the trial court's decision. Id.

A. Expectation of Privacy

"Federal Fourth Amendment law protects citizens, ... from warrantless searches of places or items in which the individual has an actual, subjective expectation of privacy which society recognizes as reasonable." Trowbridge v. State, 717 N.E.2d 138, 143 (Ind.1999) (citing United States v. Doe, 801 F.Supp. 1562, 1572 (E.D.Tex.1992)). The State argues that Armour did not have an expectation of privacy in the hotel room. Armour contends that the State has waived this argument because it was not raised by the State in the trial court.

A defendant bears the burden of demonstrating a legitimate expectation of privacy in the premises searched. Brown v. State, 691 N.E.2d 438, 443 (Ind.1998). However, "[w]here the prosecution has failed to make any trial court challenge to standing, the government may not raise the issue for the first time on appeal." Everroad v. State, 590 N.E.2d 567, 569 (Ind.1992) (citations omitted); see also Tumblin v. State, 736 N.E.2d 317, 320-21 (Ind.Ct.App.2000)

; State v. Friedel, 714 N.E.2d 1231, 1236 (Ind.Ct.App.1999).

In this case, while the State did not raise the issue of standing, the trial court did so sua sponte when it denied Armour's motion to suppress. In its order denying the motion to suppress, the trial court stated that Armour did not have standing because he did not establish a reasonable expectation of privacy in the hotel room. Armour then filed a motion to reconsider that ruling, and in that motion Armour argued that he did have a legitimate expectation of privacy in the hotel room. The trial court heard oral argument on this motion. Therefore, although the State did not raise the issue of standing, the issue was litigated in the trial court, and the considerations of fundamental unfairness that were raised and applied in Everroad and the other cases cited above do not apply here. Because the issue of standing was fully litigated at trial, we find that the State has not waived this argument for the purposes of this appeal.

Next, Armour argues that he had a legitimate expectation of privacy in the hotel room. When we review whether an expectation of privacy exists under a Fourth Amendment analysis, we look to whether the defendant has control over or ownership of the premises searched. Friedel, 714 N.E.2d at 1236. A person's hotel room is a "home" for Fourth Amendment purposes. Culpepper v. State, 662 N.E.2d 670, 675 (Ind.Ct.App.1996),trans. denied, (citing Ceroni v. State, 559 N.E.2d 372, 373 (Ind.Ct.App.1990),trans. denied). Also, where the registered guest of the hotel room consents to access and use of the room by a second individual, the second individual has a legitimate expectation of privacy in the room.²Caldwell v. State, 583 N.E.2d 122, 125 (Ind.1991); see also Ceroni, 559 N.E.2d at 373

.

In this case, the registered guest, Melanie Stover, was not in the hotel room when Officer Arnold arrived. There is no evidence in the record to suggest that Stover gave Armour permission to be in the room, and we find that his mere presence there does not, without more, infer such permission. Therefore, Armour did not have an expectation of privacy in the hotel room. See Caldwell, 583 N.E.2d at 125

; Ceroni, 559 N.E.2d at 373; Haller, 454 N.E.2d at 80-81.

B. Warrantless Search and Arrest

Although Armour lacked standing to challenge the search, we will consider his claim that the search was illegal under the Fourth Amendment on its merits.³ "Under the federal constitution, searches and seizures `conducted outside the judicial process, without prior approval by judge or magistrate, are per se unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment-subject only to a few specifically established and well-delineated exceptions.'" Middleton v. State, 714 N.E.2d 1099, 1101 (Ind.1999) (citing Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 357, 88 S.Ct. 507, 19 L.Ed.2d 576 (1967)). The State carries the burden of demonstrating that a warrantless search or seizure falls within one of the exceptions. Id.; see also Taylor v. State, 659 N.E.2d 535, 537 (Ind.1995)

. Under the plain view doctrine, the warrantless seizure of evidence is not unreasonable if the following conditions...