Arnold v. City of Cedar Rapids
| Decision Date | 19 July 1989 |
| Docket Number | No. 88-593,88-593 |
| Citation | 443 N.W.2d 332 |
| Parties | Margaret ARNOLD and Travis G. Arnold, Appellants, v. CITY OF CEDAR RAPIDS, Iowa, and Cedar Rapids Amateur Softball Association, Inc., Appellees. |
| Court | Iowa Supreme Court |
Amanda Potterfield and Jerry Zimmerman of Joe Johnston Law Firm, P.C., Cedar Rapids, for appellants.
John C. Monroe, Cedar Rapids, for appellee Cedar Rapids Amateur Softball Ass'n, Inc.
Wayne C. Collins of Shuttleworth & Ingersoll, P.C., Cedar Rapids, for appellee City of Cedar Rapids.
Considered by McGIVERIN, C.J., and HARRIS, SCHULTZ, LAVORATO and SNELL, JJ.
The trial court determined there could be no liability in this suit brought by a spectator at an athletic event. Plaintiff was injured when hit by a thrown ball. We affirm.
Plaintiff Margaret Arnold 1 was a spectator at a softball game in Cedar Rapids. Her husband, Travis Arnold, was a team member, participating in the game. Defendant City of Cedar Rapids owns the softball facility. The softball league is operated by defendant Cedar Rapids Amateur Softball Association, Inc.
The facility is a conventional one for playing softball. There is a screen behind home plate and bleachers behind the screen. The bleachers where plaintiff sat had been removed from behind the screen by other spectators. Had she chosen to sit there, space was available to plaintiff in the fully protected stands behind home plate. She chose however to sit in the open bleachers along the first base line, protected only by a three-foot fence. While sitting there she was injured when hit in the face by a misthrown ball.
After plaintiff brought this action for her injuries both defendants moved for summary judgment. The trial court determined that both defendants had discharged any duties owed to the plaintiff and sustained the motions.
I. In summary judgment matters the trial court's findings are not findings of fact, but are decisions on questions of law. Brubaker v. Barlow, 326 N.W.2d 314, 315 (Iowa 1982). The burden of showing the nonexistence of a material fact is upon the moving party. Jones v. Des Moines Civil Serv. Comm'n, 430 N.W.2d 106, 107 (Iowa 1988). The record is examined in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion. Id. Summary judgment is not proper if reasonable minds can draw different inferences and conclusions from the undisputed facts. Id.
II. In stating the controlling question the parties label it as one involving assumption of risk. Such a characterization has become increasingly inappropriate and misleading. In Rosenau v. City of Estherville, 199 N.W.2d 125, 133 (Iowa 1972), we abolished assumption of risk as a separate defense in all cases in which contributory negligence is available as a defense. We distinguished what then seemed appropriate to call primary assumption of risk. Id. at 131-33.
It increasingly became apparent that primary assumption of the risk was an inaccurate term. As we explained in Nichols v. Westfield Industries, Ltd., 380 N.W.2d 392 (Iowa 1985):
Primary assumption of the risk is not an affirmative defense. It is "an alternative expression for the proposition that defendant was not negligent, i.e., either owed no duty or did not breach the duty owed." It is based on the concept that a plaintiff may not complain of risks that inhere in a situation despite proper discharge of duty by the defendant. Primary assumption of risk is merely a label for denying that a duty existed or that a duty was breached.
Id. at 399 (citations omitted).
Assumption of risk is not a complete defense under the comparative fault Act. Iowa Code section 668.1 (1989) provides that fault includes "unreasonable assumption of risk not constituting an enforceable express consent."
Our post-Rosenau references to primary assumption of risk, even under the comparative fault Act, remain viable. See Chapman v. Craig, 431 N.W.2d 770, 771 (Iowa 1988). But, for accuracy and clarity, it is preferable, as suggested in Nichols, to frame the issue in terms of whether a duty is owed.
III. The principle seems well established that the owner or operator of a ballpark fully discharges any obligation to protect spectators from thrown or hit balls by providing seating in...
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