Ashby v. Faison & Associates, Inc.

• Decision Date: 25 February 1994
• Docket Number: No. 921942,921942
• Court: Virginia Supreme Court
• Parties: Ann R. ASHBY v. FAISON & ASSOCIATES, INCORPORATED, et al. Record

Page 603

440 S.E.2d 603

247 Va. 166

Ann R. ASHBY v. FAISON & ASSOCIATES, INCORPORATED, et al.

Record No. 921942.

Supreme Court of Virginia.

Feb. 25, 1994.

Henry L. Marsh, III, Richmond (Tonnie R. Villines, Clarence M. Dunnaville, Tinya L. Banks, Patricia D. Scales, Hill, Tucker & Marsh, on briefs), for appellant.

John R. Easter, Richmond (Wright, Robinson, McCammon, Osthimer & Tatum, on brief), for appellee Morton G. Thalhimer Services Corp.

Henry H. McVey, III, Richmond (Charles G. Meyer, III, McGuire, Woods, Battle & Boothe, on brief), for appellees Faison & Associates, Inc. and One James Center Associates, Ltd.

Present: All the Justices.

CARRICO, Chief Justice.

In this slip-and-fall case, the plaintiff, Ann R. Ashby (Ashby), recovered a jury verdict in the amount of $600,000 against the defendants, Faison & Associates, Incorporated (Faison), One James Center Associates, Ltd. (James Center Associates), and Morton G. Thalhimer Services Corporation (Thalhimer). Upon motion of the defendants, the trial court set the verdict aside and entered judgment in their favor. We awarded Ashby an appeal.

When a trial court sets aside a jury verdict, the verdict is not entitled to the same weight as one approved by the court. Nevertheless, we must give the party who received the favorable verdict "the benefit of all substantial conflict in the evidence, and all fair inferences that may be drawn therefrom." Moreover, if any credible evidence supports the verdict, we must reinstate the verdict and enter judgment thereon.

Fobbs v. Webb Building Ltd. Partnership, 232 Va. 227, 230, 349 S.E.2d 355, 357 (1986) (quoting Walton v. Walton, 168 Va. 418, 423, 191 S.E. 768, 770 (1937)) (citations omitted).

When considered in light of the foregoing principles, the evidence shows that on April 2, 1990, Ashby was injured when she slipped and fell in the lobby of One James Center in the City of Richmond. The building is owned by James Center Associates and operated by Faison. Thalhimer provided janitorial services to the building under a contract with James Center Associates.

Ashby was employed by Dominion Bank, which was located in the James Center. On the day in question, Ashby arrived at the Cary Street entrance to the building about 8:45 a.m. This entrance was covered by a "huge overhang, a canopy covering the front of the building." The other entrance, on 9th Street, was not protected by a canopy.

According to Ashby, a "generalized rain" was falling, and she was using an umbrella. She shook rain from the umbrella outside the building and entered through one of two revolving doors. A rain mat twelve feet in length had been placed just inside the door on the marble floor of the building's lobby.

Ashby walked the length of the rain mat, which she described as "soaked with water," took several steps on the marble floor, then "slipped and fell in the puddles of water that had gathered there." She did not see the water before she fell, but when she "got up [she] brushed the side of [her] clothes ... and they were wet." When she "looked down at the floor, ... there were puddles of water."

The evidence showed further that approximately 1,200 people passed through the lobby of One James Center each day, with 8:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m. as the peak hour. At least thirty people had passed through the lobby in the few minutes preceding Ashby's fall. People entering the building "sometimes" shook their umbrellas on the marble floor of the lobby, and the floor became slippery when wet.

During periods of inclement weather, depending upon the severity of conditions, Faison implemented one or more components of "a three-tier system" for the safety of persons using the lobby. Whenever rain or snow fell or was anticipated, rain mats were placed on the lobby floor at each doorway. In "severe weather," for example, when there was "a lot of rain for a long period of time, ... bright orange or bright red" cones were used to warn of the presence of water on the floor. Finally, "[d]uring severe conditions," for example, "in the event of a driving rain," a porter was posted in the lobby to "mop up whatever ... might accumulate."

Shortly after the building opened at 7:00 a.m. on the morning in question, a porter mopped the lobby with a "dry mop" and observed no water on the floor. No other person observed water on the floor before Ashby fell. At that time, although rain mats were in place on the floor inside the doorways, no warning cones were used and no porter was posted in the lobby.

On appeal, there is no dispute among the parties that Ashby occupied the status of an invitee upon the premises in question. Furthermore, the parties agree that the defendants owed Ashby the duty to use ordinary care to have the premises in a reasonably safe condition for her visit. What is disputed is the test to be applied in determining whether the defendants fulfilled their duty.

Citing this Court's decision in Memco Stores, Inc. v. Yeatman, 232 Va. 50, 348 S.E.2d 228 (1986), Ashby says that foreseeability is the appropriate test for determining whether the defendants breached their duty. Ashby argues "there was sufficient evidence from which the Jury could have found that it was raining on the morning of the accident and that the defendants had actual or constructive notice that, whenever it rained, it was foreseeable that water would be brought into the building and the floor would become slippery and create a hazardous condition for invitees."

In Yeatman, we said:

If an ordinarily prudent person, given the facts and circumstances Memco knew or should have known, could have foreseen the risk of danger resulting from such circumstances, Memco had a duty to exercise reasonable care to avoid the genesis of the danger.

Id., 232 Va. at 55, 348 S.E.2d at 231.

Yeatman, however, is distinguishable on its facts and, in our opinion, does not support application of the foreseeability standard in this case. See Winn-Dixie Stores, Inc. v Parker, 240 Va. 180, 183 n. 3, 396 S.E.2d 649, 651 n. 3 (1990). In Yeatman, the hazardous condition on the floor of a Memco store consisted of a "slimy" leaf that had fallen from a peperomia plant. The condition resulted from the affirmative conduct of the defendant in moving the plant from the patio where plants were normally sold and placing it on a furniture display in a manner that caused leaves to fall in the aisle where the plaintiff slipped and fell. 232 Va. at 53-54, 348 S.E.2d at 230.

Here, unlike Yeatman, there is...