Ashley v. Wainwright

• Decision Date: 12 March 1981
• Docket Number: No. 80-5006,80-5006
• Parties: Clifford Leon ASHLEY, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Louie L. WAINWRIGHT, Respondent-Appellee. . Unit B
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Fifth Circuit

Page 258

639 F.2d 258

Clifford Leon ASHLEY, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Louie L. WAINWRIGHT, Respondent-Appellee.

No. 80-5006.

United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit.

Unit B

March 12, 1981.

Robert E. Warren, Jacksonville, Fla. (Court-appointed), for petitioner-appellant.

Jim Smith, Atty. Gen. of Florida, Carolyn M. Snurkowski, Asst. Atty. Gen., Tallahassee, Fla., for respondent-appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida.

Before KRAVITCH and FRANK M. JOHNSON, Jr., Circuit Judges and ALLGOOD, ^* District Judge.

KRAVITCH, Circuit Judge:

Appellant, Clifford Leon Ashley, contends that his conviction in state court of the sale of heroin was obtained in violation of his sixth amendment right to compulsory process of witnesses. We conclude that appellant has demonstrated no prejudice as a result of any alleged governmental misconduct and accordingly affirm the district court's denial of habeas.

Facts

From December 1974 through March 1975, Officer Willie Daniels, of the Bay County, Florida, Sheriff's Department, was assigned to the Vice Squad, Narcotics Division, of the Duval County, Florida, Sheriff's Department. ¹ Daniels' job was to make undercover drug buys in Jacksonville. A confidential informant, Humphrey Paramore, a/k/a "Loggie," who was known in Jacksonville and was familiar with the community, assisted Daniels in making contacts and setting up transactions. Loggie was paid approximately $100 per week by the Sheriff's Department for these services.

Daniels first met Clifford Ashley in January 1975. Loggie was nearby when this meeting took place and afterwards identified Ashley to Daniels by his street name. After this meeting, Daniels arranged two drug purchases from appellant. On the first occasion, February 5, 1975, Daniels purchased heroin from appellant's brother after arrangements had been made by appellant. On the second occasion, February 18, 1975, Daniels purchased heroin directly from appellant. On April 30, 1975, the state filed two informations, based on the two February sales to Daniels, charging appellant with the unlawful sale of heroin.

Meanwhile, in early May, because of his testimony in an unrelated murder case, threats had been made on Loggie's life. The Sheriff's Office provided Loggie with $1,000 and an airplane ticket to California, and on May 16, Officer Troy Smith of the Sheriff's Department drove him to the airport. The Sheriff's Office made no arrangements for further contact with Loggie.

In June of 1975 appellant's retained counsel first learned of Loggie's role as an informant. After unsuccessful attempts to locate Loggie, appellant filed a motion to compel the prosecution to produce the informant. ² At a hearing on August 11, the state represented that Loggie's whereabouts were unknown. The trial judge accordingly denied the motion to compel but placed an affirmative duty on the state to bring the motion to the court's attention if Loggie's location was subsequently ascertained and granted appellant the right to renew the motion at that time.

By August 14, 1975, the state's attorney had notified all officers involved in the case of the affirmative duty to discover and report Loggie's whereabouts. Nonetheless, on September 13, Loggie made a long-distance call to Officer Daniels and, although they talked for twenty minutes, Daniels failed to obtain any information as to Loggie's location.

After two continuances, appellant went to trial in October on the first information. Daniels was the only prosecution witness to the sale; appellant was the sole defense witness. In January appellant was tried on the second information, and at this trial presented no witnesses. Appellant was convicted of both charges and sentenced to two consecutive fifteen-year sentences.

Ashley petitioned for federal habeas corpus. ³ After conducting a hearing, the magistrate recommended denial of the writ on the ground that Ashley had not proved that the state deliberately concealed Loggie. The district court denied the writ but on the ground that Ashley had not demonstrated a colorable need for Loggie's testimony.

Discussion

The sixth amendment right to compulsory process of witnesses is applicable to the states through the fourteenth amendment. Washington v. Texas, 388 U.S. 14, 87 S.Ct. 1920, 18 L.Ed.2d 1019 (1967). There are limits, however, to the defendant's right to use the state's process to compel the attendance of witnesses. This court has noted:

The right to compulsory process is not absolute, and a state may require that a defendant requesting such process at state expense establish some colorable need for the person to be summoned, lest the right be abused by those who would make frivolous requests.

Hoskins v. Wainwright, 440 F.2d 69 (5th Cir. 1971). ⁴ Indeed, in Washington the Supreme Court based its holding on the fact that the state arbitrarily denied the petitioner the right to call a witness "who was physically and mentally capable of testifying to events that he had personally observed, and whose testimony would have been relevant and material to the defense." 388 U.S. at 23, 87 S.Ct. at 1925 (emphasis added).

In this case appellant has failed to demonstrate how Loggie's testimony would have been beneficial to the defense. Appellant's defense to the charges was that the transactions testified to by Willie Daniels never occurred. Daniels testified that no one other than Daniels and appellant were present. Appellant does not claim that Loggie could have furnished an alibi defense; neither does he contend that Loggie would have impeached the general credibility of Daniels. The only suggestion made by appellant as to how Loggie would have helped his defense is based on a statement by Officer Troy Smith. According to Smith, Loggie told him that he was present when Ashley sold heroin to Willie Daniels. Even if this statement were true, and if Loggie so testified, that testimony would not have corroborated appellant's defense that the sales never took place. We find that appellant has not demonstrated a "colorable need" for this informant's testimony so as to invoke the sixth amendment right to compulsory process. Hoskins, supra.

Appellant cites United States v. Avila-Dominguez, 610 F.2d 1266 (5th Cir. 1980) for the proposition that this court has lessened the showing a defendant must make as to the need for witnesses. In Avila, the appellants were convicted of assisting aliens in illegally entering the United States. Appellants challenged their convictions on due process and compulsory process grounds because the government had deported potential witnesses prior to their trial. We affirmed the convictions on two grounds: first, we found "an element of waiver" in the defendants' failure to interview the witnesses prior to deportation; second, and more importantly, the defendants did not offer the "slightest suggestion" as to how the testimony of the deported aliens might have benefited the defendants.

Appellant urges that Avila has modified the ...