Atkins v. Parker Parker v. Block, Nos. 83-1660
| Court | United States Supreme Court |
| Writing for the Court | STEVENS |
| Citation | 86 L.Ed.2d 81,472 U.S. 115,105 S.Ct. 2520 |
| Parties | Charles M. ATKINS, Commissioner of the Massachusetts Department of Public Welfare, Petitioner v. Gill PARKER et al. Gill PARKER, et al., Petitioners v. John R. BLOCK, Secretary, Department of Agriculture, et al |
| Docket Number | 83-6381,Nos. 83-1660 |
| Decision Date | 04 June 1985 |
v.
Gill PARKER et al. Gill PARKER, et al., Petitioners v. John R. BLOCK, Secretary, Department of Agriculture, et al.
In 1981, Congress amended the Food Stamp Act to reduce from 20 percent to 18 percent the earned-income disregard used in computing eligibility for food stamps. Thereafter, the Massachusetts Department of Public Welfare (Department) mailed a notice to all food-stamp recipients in the State with earned income advising them that the reduction in the earned-income disregard might result in either a reduction or termination of their benefits, that they had a right to request a hearing, and that their benefits would be reinstated if a hearing was requested within 10 days of the notice. Petitioners in No. 83-6381 (hereafter petitioners), recipients of the notice, brought a class action in Federal District Court, alleging that the notice was inadequate and seeking injunctive relief. After the court issued a temporary injunction, the Department sent a second notice similar to but somewhat more extensive than the first notice. Petitioners also attacked the adequacy of this notice. The court again ruled in petitioners' favor and held that the notice violated the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Court of Appeals agreed.
Held:
1. The second notice complied with the statute and regulations. The relevant language of 7 U.S.C. § 2020(e)(10) which does not itself mandate any notice at all but merely assumes that a hearing request by a household aggrieved by a state agency's action will be preceded by "individual notice of agency action"—cannot be fairly construed as a command to give notice of a general change in the law. The legislative history does not suggest that Congress intended to eliminate the distinction between requiring advance notice of an "adverse action" based on the particular facts of an individual case and the absence of any requirement of individual notice of a "mass change" in the law. And the notice in question complied with the applicable regulation requiring individual
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notices of a "mass change" but not an adverse action notice when benefits are reduced or terminated as a result of a "mass change." Pp. 123-127.
2. The second notice did not violate the Due Process Clause. Pp. 127-131.
(a) Even if it is assumed that the mass change increased the risk of erroneous reductions in benefits, that assumption does not support the claim that the notice was inadequate. The notice plainly informed each household of the opportunity to request a fair hearing and the right to have its benefit level frozen if a hearing was requested. Pp. 217-128.
(b) This case does not concern the procedural fairness of individual eligibility determinations, but rather involves a legislatively mandated substantive change in the scope of the entire food-stamp program. The procedural component of the Due Process Clause does not impose a constitutional limitation on Congress' power to make such a change. A welfare recipient is not deprived of due process when Congress adjusts benefit levels; the legislative process provides all the process that is due. Here, the participants in the food-stamp program had no greater right to advance notice of the change in the law than did any other voters. Because the substantive reduction in the level of petitioners' benefits was the direct result of the statutory amendment, they have no basis for challenging the procedure that caused them to receive a different, less valuable property interest after the amendment became effective. As a matter of constitutional law, there can be no doubt concerning the sufficiency of the notice describing the effect of the amendment in general terms. Pp. 128-131.
722 F.2d 933 (CA 1 1983), reversed.
Samuel A. Alito, Washington, D.C., for John R. Block, Secretary, Department of Agriculture, et al.
Ellen L. Janos, Boston, Mass., for Charles M. Atkins.
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Steven A. Hitov, New Rochelle, N.Y., for Gill Parker, et al.
Justice STEVENS delivered the opinion of the Court.
In November, and again in December 1981, the Massachusetts Department of Public Welfare mailed a written notice to over 16,000 recipients advising them that a recent change in federal law might result in either a reduction or a termination of their food-stamp benefits. The notice did not purport to explain the precise impact of the change on each individual recipient. The question this case presents is whether that notice violated any federal statute or regulation, or the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Unlike the District Court and the Court of Appeals, we conclude that there was no violation.
In an attempt to "permit low-income households to obtain a more nutritious diet through normal channels of trade," 1 Congress created a federally subsidized food-stamp program. The Secretary of Agriculture prescribes the standards for eligibility for food stamps,2 but state agencies are authorized to make individual eligibility determinations and to distribute the food stamps to eligible households, which may use them to purchase food from approved, retail food stores.3 The eligibility of an individual household, and the amount of its food-
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stamp allotment, are based on several factors, including the size of the household and its income.4 Certifications of eligibility expire periodically and are renewed on the basis of applications submitted by the households.5
Prior to 1981, federal law provided that 20 percent of the household's earned income should be deducted, or disregarded, in computing eligibility.6 The purpose of the earned-income disregard was to maintain the recipients' incentive to earn and to report income. In 1981 Congress amended the Food Stamp Act to reduce this deduction from 20 percent to 18 percent.7 That amendment had no effect on households with no income or with extremely low income, but caused a reduction of benefits in varying amounts, or a complete termination of benefits, for families whose income placed them close to the border between eligibility and ineligibility.8
On September 4, 1981, the Department of Agriculture issued regulations providing for the implementation of the change in the earned-income disregard and directing the States to provide notice to food-stamp recipients.9 That directive indicated that the form of the notice might comply with the regulations dealing with so-called "mass changes," 10
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rather than with the regulations dealing with individual "adverse actions." 11
In November, the Massachusetts Department of Public Welfare (Department) mailed a brief, ambiguously dated notice to all food-stamp recipients with earned income advising them that the earned-income deduction had been lowered from 20 percent to 18 percent and that the change would result in either a reduction or a termination of their benefits. The notice was printed on a card, in English on one side and Spanish on the other. The notice stated that the recipient had a right to request a hearing "if you disagree with this action," and that benefits would be reinstated if a hearing was requested within 10 days of the notice.12
On December 10, 1981, petitioners in No. 83-6381 commenced this action on behalf of all Massachusetts households
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that had received the notice. They alleged that the notice was inadequate as a matter of law and moved for a temporary restraining order. On December 16, 1981, after certifying the action as a class action, and after commenting that the "notice was deficient in that it failed to provide recipients with a date to determine the time in which they could appeal," the District Court enjoined the Department from reducing or terminating any benefits on the basis of that notice.13
The Department, in compliance with the District Court's order, mailed supplemental benefits for the month of December to each of the 16,640 class members. It then sent out a second notice, in English and Spanish versions, dated December 26, which stated in part:
" * * * IMPORTANT NOTICE—READ CAREFULLY * * *
"RECENT CHANGES IN THE FOOD STAMP PROGRAM HAVE BEEN MADE IN ACCORDANCE WITH 1981 FEDERAL LAW. UNDER THIS LAW, THE EARNED INCOME DEDUCTION FOR FOOD STAMP BENEFITS HAS BEEN LOWERED FROM 20 TO 18 PERCENT. THIS REDUCTION MEANS THAT A HIGHER PORTION OF YOUR HOUSEHOLD'S EARNED INCOME WILL BE COUNTED IN DETERMINING YOUR ELIGIBILITY AND BENEFIT AMOUNT FOR FOOD STAMPS. AS A RESULT OF THIS FEDERAL CHANGE, YOUR BENEFITS WILL EITHER BE REDUCED IF YOU REMAIN ELIGIBLE OR YOUR BENEFITS WILL BE TERMINATED. (FOOD STAMP MANUAL CITATION: 106 CMR:364.400).
"YOU HAVE THE RIGHT TO REQUEST A FAIR HEARING IF YOU DISAGREE WITH THIS AC-
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TION. IF YOU ARE REQUESTING A HEARING, YOUR FOOD STAMP BENEFITS WILL BE REINSTATED . . . IF YOU HAVE QUESTIONS CONCERNING THE CORRECTNESS OF YOUR BENEFITS COMPUTATION OR THE FAIR HEARING PROCESS, CONTACT YOUR LOCAL WELFARE OFFICE. YOU MAY FILE AN APPEAL AT ANY TIME IF YOU FEEL THAT YOU ARE NOT RECEIVING THE CORRECT AMOUNT OF FOOD STAMPS." 14
Petitioners filed a supplemental complaint attacking the adequacy of this notice, and again moved for a preliminary injunction. In October 1982, the District Court consolidated the hearing on that motion with the trial on the merits and again ruled in petitioners' favor. The District Court found that there was a significant risk of error in the administration of the food-stamp program, particularly with the implementation of the change in the earned-income disregard, and that the failure to provide each recipient with an adequate notice increased the risk of error. In essence, the District Court concluded that the December notice was defective because it...
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Bliek v. Palmer, No. C 93-4083.
...diet through normal channels of trade by increasing food purchasing power for all eligible households." Id.; see also Atkins v. Parker, 472 U.S. 115, 117, 105 S.Ct. 2520, 2522, 86 L.Ed.2d 81 (1985). Under the food stamp program, eligible households receive coupons to purchase food from appr......
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Coleman v. Department of Personnel Administration, No. S004129
...of such property." (Texaco, Inc. v. Short, supra, 454 U.S. at p. 532, 102 S.Ct. at p. 793, fn. omitted; see also Atkins v. Parker (1985) 472 U.S. 115, 131, 105 S.Ct. 2520, 2530, 86 L.Ed.2d 81 ["The entire structure of our democratic government rests on the premise that the individual citize......
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Motley v. Taylor, CASE NO. 2:19-CV-478-WKW [WO]
...her ability to pay, and that he or she should consider whether to allow payment on a delayed or installment basis. See Atkins v. Parker , 472 U.S. 115, 130–31, 105 S.Ct. 2520, 86 L.Ed.2d 81 (1985). The failure of this notice to inform Plaintiff of her rights to a hearing is only unconstitut......
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Sanders v. Jefferson County Dept., Human Resources, No. Civ.A. CV 99-J-2054S.
...failed to state a claim under § 1981. Food stamps are a matter of statutory entitlement, not a contractual right. See Atkins v. Parker, 472 U.S. 115, 128, 105 S.Ct. 2520, 2528, 86 L.Ed.2d 81 (1985) (food stamps, like welfare benefits, are considered statutory entitlements). Accordingly, eve......
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Bliek v. Palmer, No. C 93-4083.
...diet through normal channels of trade by increasing food purchasing power for all eligible households." Id.; see also Atkins v. Parker, 472 U.S. 115, 117, 105 S.Ct. 2520, 2522, 86 L.Ed.2d 81 (1985). Under the food stamp program, eligible households receive coupons to purchase food from appr......
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Coleman v. Department of Personnel Administration, No. S004129
...of such property." (Texaco, Inc. v. Short, supra, 454 U.S. at p. 532, 102 S.Ct. at p. 793, fn. omitted; see also Atkins v. Parker (1985) 472 U.S. 115, 131, 105 S.Ct. 2520, 2530, 86 L.Ed.2d 81 ["The entire structure of our democratic government rests on the premise that the individual citize......
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Motley v. Taylor, CASE NO. 2:19-CV-478-WKW [WO]
...her ability to pay, and that he or she should consider whether to allow payment on a delayed or installment basis. See Atkins v. Parker , 472 U.S. 115, 130–31, 105 S.Ct. 2520, 86 L.Ed.2d 81 (1985). The failure of this notice to inform Plaintiff of her rights to a hearing is only unconstitut......
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Sanders v. Jefferson County Dept., Human Resources, No. Civ.A. CV 99-J-2054S.
...failed to state a claim under § 1981. Food stamps are a matter of statutory entitlement, not a contractual right. See Atkins v. Parker, 472 U.S. 115, 128, 105 S.Ct. 2520, 2528, 86 L.Ed.2d 81 (1985) (food stamps, like welfare benefits, are considered statutory entitlements). Accordingly, eve......