Avecia, Inc. v. U.S.

• Citation: 483 F.Supp.2d 1251
• Decision Date: 19 March 2007
• Docket Number: Court No. 05-00183.,Court No. 06-00140.,Slip Op. 07-41.
• Parties: AVECIA, INC., Plaintiff, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant.
• Court: U.S. Court of International Trade

483 F.Supp.2d 1251

AVECIA, INC., Plaintiff, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant.

Slip Op. 07-41.

Court No. 05-00183.

Court No. 06-00140.

United States Court of International Trade.

March 19, 2007.

Buchanan Ingersoll PC, Philadelphia, PA (Steven E. Bizar, Jill W. Rogers); Crowell & Moring LLP (Alexander Schaefer), for the plaintiff.

Peter D. Keisler, Assistant Attorney General, Barbara S. Williams, Attorney in Charge, International Trade Field Office, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, United States Department of Justice (Saul Davis); Office of Assistant Chief Counsel, International Trade Litigation, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (Beth C. Brotman), of counsel, for the defendant.

OPINION

MUSGRAVE, Judge.

As discussed in 469 F.Supp.2d 1269, a certain protest sent to the director for the Port of Philadelphia challenged three entry classifications for products imported through the ports of Newark and Baltimore, in addition to the classification of several other entries through that port. See Avecia, Inc. v. United States, 30 CIT ___, 469 F.Supp.2d 1269, 1282-83 (2006).¹ After the protest's denial, Avecia included it in this suit. 28 U.S.C. § 1581(a) provides that this Court has "exclusive jurisdiction of any civil action commenced to contest the denial of a protest, in whole or in part, under section 515 of the Tariff Act of 1930." The referenced section is codified at 19 U.S.C. § 1514. Subsection (c)(1) requires that "[a] protest of a decision under subsection (a) of this section shall be filed ... in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary." 19 U.S.C. § 1514(c)(1). One of those regulations, 19 C.F.R. § 174.12(d), provides that "[p]rotests shall be filed with the port director whose decision is protested." The government thus challenged the Court's subject matter jurisdiction over the three entries. After examining the law of this area, the court concluded that no statute or regulation precluded the director for the Port of Philadelphia from rendering a substantive decision with respect to entries from another port, that the director denied the protest "in full" per the rationale of HQ 967005 (May 18, 2004), and since the decision of Customs had apparently been to relax the place-of-filing regulation with respect to those three entries, the court concluded that it possessed jurisdiction over the subject matter. 469 F.Supp.2d at 1283.

The government now moves for "rehearing, modification, clarification, and/or reconsideration" of that finding. Disposition of such a motion is within the Court's discretion. See USCIT Rule 59(a). See, e.g., Kerr-McGee Chem. Corp. v. United States, 14 CIT 582, 583 (1990); Union Camp Corp. v. United States, 21 CIT 371, 372, 963 F.Supp. 1212, 1213 (1997). The purpose of reconsideration is to rectify "a significant flaw in the conduct of the original proceeding." W.J. Byrnes & Co. v. United States, 68 Cust.Ct. 358, 358 (1972) (footnote omitted). However, a court should not disturb its prior decision unless it is "manifestly erroneous." See, e.g., Starkey Labs., Inc. v. United States, 24 CIT 504, 505, 110 F.Supp.2d 945, 946-47 (2000); Volkswagen of Am., Inc. v. United States, 22 CIT 280, 282, 4 F.Supp.2d 1259, 1261 (1998). To the extent the government's motion raises a colorable "significant flaw" or "manifest error" in 469 F.Supp.2d 1269, the matter merits further discussion. See Starkey Labs.

Substantively, the government interprets 469 F.Supp.2d 1269 as apparently agreeing "that the combination of the statute and the pertinent regulations mandated, as a jurisdictional prerequisite, the filing of the protest at the port at which the decision was made," Def.'s Reply at 3, and it argues that in addition to the requirements governing form and content under 19 U.S.C. § 1514(c), the place of filing a protest is clearly apparent from 19 U.S.C. § 1515(a), which requires a protest's review within two years by "the appropriate customs officer." The government argues that this "can only be the officer designated for such review pursuant to § 1514(c) and the regulations" and that therefore compliance with 19 C.F.R. § 174.12(d) is a mandatory condition of jurisdiction which the director for the Port of Philadelphia had no authority to waive. Def.'s Mot. at 5-9 (referencing Grover Piston Ring Co. v. United States, 752 F.2d 626 (Fed.Cir. 1985), Noury Chem. Corp. v. United States, 4 CIT 68 (1982), Po Chien, Inc. v. United States, 3 CIT 17, 1982 WL 2210 (1982), and United States v. Reliable Chem. Co., 66 C.C.P.A. 123, 605 F.2d 1179 (1979)); Def.'s Reply at 7-8 (referencing inter alia DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. United States, 442 F.3d, 1313, 1319 (Fed.Cir. 2006), Autoalliance Int'l, Inc. v. United States, 357 F.3d 1290, 1293-94 (Fed.Cir. 2004), and Ford Motor Co. v. United States, 435 F.Supp.2d 1324, 1332, n. 12 (2006), reh'g den. 30 CIT ___, 2006 WL 2789856 (Sep. 29, 2006)).

Avecia apparently disputes whether 469 F.Supp.2d 1269 even addressed whether compliance Pl.'s Resp. at 2 & n. 1 (referencing Arbaugh v. Y & H Corp., 546 U.S. 500, ___, 126 S.Ct. 1235, 1237, 163 L.Ed.2d 1097 (2006) ("when Congress does not rank a statutory limitation on coverage as jurisdictional, courts should treat the restriction as nonjurisdictional in character")). See also Def.'s Br. passim; Def.'s Reply passim (distinguishing Arbaugh on the authority of Federal Nat'l Mortg. Ass'n v. United States, 469 F.3d 968 (2006)). Avecia is correct, but whether it arguably did, the conclusion must again be that compliance with the regulation is not such as may not be waived by Customs.

The government elaborates in its motion that the proper interpretation of "the appropriate customs officer" in 19 U.S.C. § 1515(a) mandates that protests only be decided by the port director who made the original decisions affecting the entry or entries, and yet subsection 1515(a) simply mandates that review of a protest be completed within two years from the date of filing by "the appropriate customs officer." It is a deadline for Customs. It also provides for further review by "another appropriate customs officer." Cf. 19 U.S.C. § 1515(a) (italics added). To the extent the provision imposes a filing condition directed to the protestant, the phrase "the appropriate customs officer" is vague. As implied by Slip Opinion 06-184, one cannot definitely conclude that the port director of Philadelphia was an "inappropriate" customs officer to act with respect to entries incorrectly included on an otherwise properly-filed protest at that port. Even if "appropriate customs officer" may be clarified by reference to the place-of-filing regulation, 19 C.F.R. § 174.12(d), section 1515 does not control the Court's jurisdiction, which is delimited in 28 U.S.C. § 1581(a) by reference to the parameters of 19 U.S.C. § 1514. See, e.g., Volkswagen of Am., Inc. v. United States, 31 CIT ___, 475 F.Supp.2d 1385, 1388 (2007) ("Section 1514 is not a jurisdiction-granting statute; it defines the types of actions that are potentially reviewable under § 1581(a)" (citation omitted)).

There, in contrast to the statutory particulars for the content of a protest, Congress did not specify in section 1514 that a protest had to be in a particular form, or that it had to be filed in a particular place. See 469 F.Supp.2d at 1283. Cf 28 U.S.C. § 1581(a) & 19 U.S.C. § 1514(c)(1) with 19 U.S.C. § 1515(a). Rather, Congress merely required that protests need to be "filed in writing ... in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary." 19 U.S.C. § 1514(c)(1). Since the place of filing is not a plain and specific statutory condition of invoking the jurisdiction of this Court, compliance with 19 C.F.R. § 174.12(d) is not a condition of subject matter jurisdiction but rather is an element of a putative plaintiffs claim. See, e.g., Arbaugh. It is also noteworthy that in section 1514 Congress specifically deleted all references to "the appropriate customs officer" or substituted "the Customs Service" therefor when enacting the North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act, see Pub.L. 103-182 § 645(1)(A), (E), (2) (Dec. 8, 1993).

Fundamentally, the government's argument, that subject matter jurisdiction at this Court is lacking because no port director other than the port director who rendered the decision on the original classification has the authority to render a decision on a protest, depends for its validity upon the government's interpretation of the place-of-filing regulation, which is to say that the argument grafts a meaning onto that regulation that the regulation does not currently possess. Cf 19 C.F.R. § 174.12(d) ("[p]rotests shall be filed with the port director whose decision is protested"). Even if the regulation possessed such meaning, the condition that a protest be filed at a particular place is beyond the metes and bounds of the subject matter jurisdiction established for this Court by statute by Congress. See 28 U.S.C. § 1581(a) & 19 U.S.C. 1514. The government argues that "the requirements of the regulations promulgated pursuant to the delegation authority in § 1514(c) are jurisdictional[,]" Def.'s Reply at 4 (referencing Grover Piston Ring, Noury Chemical, and Po Chien), but that is not a proper interpretation of residual delegation. Congress may delegate certain legislative policy determinations to the executive branch, see, e.g., Marshall Field & Co. v. Clark, 143 U.S. 649, 693-94, 12 S.Ct. 495, 36 L.Ed. 294 (1892), Star-Kist Foods, Inc. v. United States, 47 C.C.P.A. 52, 60, 275 F.2d 472, 480 (1959), but only Congress may delimit federal court subject matter jurisdiction. See U.S. Const., Art. III, § 1. See, e.g., Kontrick v. Ryan, 540 U.S. 443, 453, 124 S.Ct. 906, 157 L.Ed.2d 867 (2004); Cary v. Curtis, 44 U.S. 236, 244, 3 How. 236, 11 L.Ed. 576 (1845). Cf. 19 U.S.C. § 1514(c)(1)(D) (a protest must be "filed ... in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary"). And for this court to construe 19...