Azbill v. Fisher, 5633

Citation442 P.2d 916,84 Nev. 414
Decision Date26 June 1968
Docket NumberNo. 5633,5633
PartiesSylvester Jackson AZBILL, Petitioner, v. Herman E. FISHER, Justice of the Peace, Las Vegas Township, County of Clark, Respondent, Gerald Ralya, Intervenor.
CourtSupreme Court of Nevada

Wiener, Goldwater & Galatz, Las Vegas, for appellant.

Harvey Dickerson, Atty. Gen., Carson City, George E. Franklin, Jr., Dist. Atty., and Raymond D. Jeffers, Deputy Dist. Atty., Las Vegas, for respondent.

Ross, Snyder, Goodman & Bryan, Las Vegas, for intervenor.

OPINION

ZENOFF, Justice.

Defendant Azbill was charged with murder and scheduled to appear for a preliminary examination in justice court. At the hearing he invoked the exclusionary rule, NRS 171.204, but the magistrate refused to exclude a representative of the press. 1 That judicial officer expressed his opinion that the doctrine of 'the people have a right to know' was paramount to the statute and that instead of complying with Azbill's request he, the justice of the peace, would allow the press to be present during the hearing, but subject to restrictions of what the news reporter could write.

In an original mandamus proceedings before this court the defendant now seeks a writ to compel the magistrate to comply with the statute and proceed with the preliminary hearing excluding all persons from the courtroom except as noted in the statute. A newspaper reporter has petitioned for leave to participate as an intervenor in these proceedings and asserts that the statute permitting a defendant a semiclosed courtroom is an infringement upon the constitutional doctrine of freedom of the press. 2

1. Intervention is permissible in mandamus proceedings. See State ex rel. Sears v. Wright, 10 Nev. 167 (1875); State ex rel. Bullion & Exchange Bank v. Mack, 26 Nev. 430, 69 P. 862 (1902); N.R.C.P. Rule 24(b). And although the intervenor's position is not to the benefit of the defendant, the principle involved is in the public interest. Accordingly, we grant the petition to intervene and will entertain the proceedings. Kirstowsky v. Superior Court, 143 Cal.App.2d 745, 300 P.2d 163 (1956); United Press Associations v. Valente, 308 N.Y. 71, 123 N.E.2d 777 (1954).

2. Since the instant case does not involve trial proceedings arguments based on the constitutional rights embodies in the 6th Amendment, the statutory provisions of NRS 169.160, and related cases are inapposite.

3. We turn then to consider the respondent's and intervenor's assertions that the exclusionary rule of NRS 171.204 abridges the freedom of the press contraveing the guarantees of the 1st Amendment of the United States Constitution and Art. 1, Sec. 9 of the Nevada Constitution.

The courts fully appreciate the fundamental principles here involved. However, the constitutionally protected right conferred on the press does not embrace the right to access to sources for gathering information not available to the general public. The line is drawn at the courthouse door; inside the courtroom, the press enjoys no greater privilege than any other individual citizen. Estes v. State of Texas, 381 U.S. 532, 85 S.Ct. 1628, 14 L.Ed.2d 543 (1965) (concurring opinion of Harlan, J.); Seymour v. United States, 373 F.2d 629 (5th Cir.1967); Tribune Review Publishing Company v. Thomas, 2 F.2d 883 (3rd Cir.1958); United Press Associations v. Valente, supra.

Unquestionably the public does have an interest in criminal justice and its procedures. Judicial proceedings are considered public events in the sense that the public has a right to know what transpired.

But reporting the events that transpire during the course of a preliminary hearing for the public's information is not impaired by exclusion from the courtroom thereby denying a citizen or a reporter the opportunity to see and hear it first hand. The actual presence of the public or the press is not the only means of being informed as to what happened.

Moreover, their presence in no way enhances the purpose of a preliminary hearing and is not necessary to the conduct of the examination. The preliminary hearing takes place in a different context than a trial. There is no constitutional right to a preliminary hearing. It is a creature of statute, and as such, the proceedings are governed by statutory provisions. It is the legislative grant of a substantial right to the accused for his protection. People v. Elliot, 54 Cal.2d 498, 6 Cal.Rptr. 753, 354 P.2d 225 (1960). Its function is to protect one accused of a crime from hasty, improvident or groundless charges. Its purpose is to determine the basis for prosecution and the issue involved in the proceedings is not the question of guilt or innocence, but whether there is sufficient evidence for probable cause to hold the accused over to answer and stand trial. The magistrate is called upon to decide whether a crime has been committed and whether there is probable cause to believe that the named accused was the perpetrator.

This accusatory process most often involves the presentation of only one side of the case, the prosecution's version. An overriding consideration is the concern for possible trial bias from public information relating the details of the preliminary hearings. And for this reason one of the protections afforded the accused at this stage is that upon his request all unauthorized persons will be excluded from the courtroom during the hearing. It is a procedural safeguard of the accused's fundamental right to a fair and impartial jury should the matter later go to trial.

The policy of our statutes is clear; the rights accorded the accused under these circumstances are for his own protection. He may invoke them as he sees fit. Indeed, he may choose to waive the entire preliminary examination proceedings. NRS 171.196(1).

The legislature's determination in balancing the public's interest and that of the accused has resolved at this point to afford the accused certain measures of protection should he seek to avail himself of them. We cannot say that judgment was an improper exercise of legislative power. Nor can we say that because it denies access to a particular source of information that it violates the 1st Amendment freedom of the press or the public's right to know. Seymour v. United States, supra; United Press Associations v. Valente, supra; Tribune Review Publishing Company v. Thomas, supra.

Although some disagree with its wisdom for this reason alone we cannot outlaw a statute. These are singularly matters of legislative discretion and direction to secure the impartiality of jurors in criminal cases. Hayes .v State of Missouri, 120 U.S. 68, 7 S.Ct. 350, 30 L.Ed. 578 (1887); People v. Elliot, supra; United Press Associations v. Valente, supra (concurring opinion of Desmond, J.).

4. Absent any waiver by the...

To continue reading

Request your trial
11 cases
  • Press-Enterprise Co. v. Superior Court of Cal. for Cnty. of Riverside
    • United States
    • United States Supreme Court
    • June 30, 1986
    ...to the accused, see, e.g., State v. Porter Superior Court, 274 Ind. 408, 409-410, 412 N.E.2d 748, 750 (1980); Azbill v. Fisher, 84 Nev. 414, 419, 442 P.2d 916, 918-919 (1968), or, more commonly, that it is overcome by a showing of potentially prejudicial publicity equivalent to or less than......
  • Sturrock v. State
    • United States
    • Supreme Court of Nevada
    • December 20, 1979
    ...statutory right to a preliminary examination. Although a preliminary examination is not constitutionally mandated, See Azbill v. Fisher, 84 Nev. 414, 442 P.2d 916 (1968), it does provide important benefits to the defense of an accused. See Coleman v. Alabama, 339 U.S. 1, 90 S.Ct. 1999, 26 L......
  • Dickinson Newspapers, Inc. v. Jorgensen, 10479
    • United States
    • United States State Supreme Court of North Dakota
    • August 4, 1983
    ...The constitutionality of NDCC Sec. 29-07-14 has not been challenged by the petitioners. A similar statute was upheld in Azbill v. Fisher, 84 Nev. 414, 442 P.2d 916 (1968), and State v. Meek, 9 Ariz.App. 149, 450 P.2d 115, 31 A.L.R.3d 808 (1969), cert. denied 396 U.S. 847, 90 S.Ct. 73, 24 L.......
  • TIMES NEWS. LTD.(GR. BRIT.) v. McDonnell Douglas Corp.
    • United States
    • United States District Courts. 9th Circuit. United States District Courts. 9th Circuit. Central District of California
    • December 2, 1974
    ...protected freedom. Freedom to publish is protected, but freedom to keep others from publishing is not. 6. Azbill v. Fisher, 84 Nev. 414, 442 P.2d 916 (1968) The right conferred on the press doesn't embrace access to sources for gathering information not available to the general public. Even......
  • Request a trial to view additional results

VLEX uses login cookies to provide you with a better browsing experience. If you click on 'Accept' or continue browsing this site we consider that you accept our cookie policy. ACCEPT