Baby M, Matter of

Decision Date03 February 1988
Citation109 N.J. 396,537 A.2d 1227
Parties, 77 A.L.R.4th 1, 56 USLW 2442 In the Matter of BABY M, a pseudonym for an actual person.
CourtNew Jersey Supreme Court
                                Table of Contents
                --------------------------------------------------
                      Introduction                            1234
                  I.  Facts                                   1235
                 II.  Invalidity and Unenforceability of      1240
                      Surrogacy Contract
                      A. Conflict with Statutory Provisions   1240
                      B. Public Policy Considerations         1246
                III.  Termination                             1251
                 IV.  Constitutional Issues                   1253
                  V.  Custody                                 1255
                 VI.  Visitation                              1261
                      Conclusion                              1264
                

WILENTZ, C.J.

In this matter the Court is asked to determine the validity of a contract that purports to provide a new way of bringing children into a family. For a fee of $10,000, a woman agrees to be artificially inseminated with the semen of another woman's husband; she is to conceive a child, carry it to term, and after its birth surrender it to the natural father and his wife. The intent of the contract is that the child's natural mother will thereafter be forever separated from her child. The wife is to adopt the child, and she and the natural father are to be

Page 411

regarded as its parents for all purposes. The contract providing for this is called a "surrogacy contract," the natural mother inappropriately called the "surrogate mother."

We invalidate the surrogacy contract because it conflicts with the law and public policy of this State. While we recognize the depth of the yearning of infertile couples to have their own children, we find the payment of money to a "surrogate" mother illegal, perhaps criminal, and potentially degrading to women. Although in this case we grant custody to the natural father, the evidence having clearly proved such custody to be in the best interests of the infant, we void both the termination of the surrogate mother's parental rights and the adoption of the child by the wife/stepparent. We thus restore the "surrogate" as the mother of the child. We remand the issue of the natural mother's visitation rights to the trial court, since that issue was not reached below and the record before us is not sufficient to permit us to decide it de novo.

We find no offense to our present laws where a woman voluntarily and without payment agrees to act as a "surrogate" mother, provided that she is not subject to a binding agreement to surrender her child. Moreover, our holding today does not preclude the Legislature from altering the current statutory scheme, within constitutional limits, so as to permit surrogacy contracts. Under current law, however, the surrogacy agreement before us is illegal and invalid.

I. FACTS

In February 1985, William Stern and Mary Beth Whitehead entered into a surrogacy contract. It recited that Stern's wife, Elizabeth, was infertile, that they wanted a child, and that Mrs. Whitehead was willing to provide that child as the mother with Mr. Stern as the father.

Page 412

The contract provided that through artificial insemination using Mr. Stern's sperm, Mrs. Whitehead would become pregnant, carry the child to term, bear it, deliver it to the Sterns, and thereafter do whatever was necessary to terminate her maternal rights so that Mrs. Stern could thereafter adopt the child. Mrs. Whitehead's husband, Richard, 1 was also a party to the contract; Mrs. Stern was not. Mr. Whitehead promised to do all acts necessary to rebut the presumption of paternity under the Parentage Act. N.J.S.A. 9:17-43a(1), -44a. Although Mrs. Stern was not a party to the surrogacy agreement, the contract gave her sole custody of the child in the event of Mr. Stern's death. Mrs. Stern's status as a nonparty to the surrogate parenting agreement presumably was to avoid the application of the baby-selling statute to this arrangement. N.J.S.A. 9:3-54.

Mr. Stern, on his part, agreed to attempt the artificial insemination and to pay Mrs. Whitehead $10,000 after the child's birth, on its delivery to him. In a separate contract, Mr. Stern agreed to pay $7,500 to the Infertility Center of New York ("ICNY"). The Center's advertising campaigns solicit surrogate mothers and encourage infertile couples to consider surrogacy. ICNY arranged for the surrogacy contract by bringing the parties together, explaining the process to them, furnishing the contractual form, 2 and providing legal counsel.

The history of the parties' involvement in this arrangement suggests their good faith. William and Elizabeth Stern were

Page 413

married in July 1974, having met at the University of Michigan, where both were Ph.D. candidates. Due to financial considerations and Mrs. Stern's pursuit of a medical degree and residency, they decided to defer starting a family until 1981. Before then, however, Mrs. Stern learned that she might have multiple sclerosis and that the...

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104 cases
  • Ruth F. v. Robert B.
    • United States
    • Pennsylvania Superior Court
    • February 6, 1997
    ... ...         In the case of In the Matter of Baby M., 109 N.J. 396, 537 A.2d 1227 (1988), in which the validity of a contract called a "surrogacy contract" was reviewed by the courts of New ... ...
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  • Saint Barnabas Medical Center v. Essex County
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    • March 8, 1990
    ... ... Page 153 ... theabsolute right to attend. Certainly none of the cases cited in the concurrence suggests in the slightest that in camera proceedings in any respect enhance the search for the truth, In re Baby M, 109 N.J. 396, 537 A.2d 1227 (1988); N.J. Parole Bd. v. Byrne, 93 N.J. 192, 460 A.2d 103 (1983); In re Trantino Parole Application, 89 N.J. 347, 446 A.2d 104 (1982); State v. Boiardo, 83 N.J. 350, 416 A.2d 793 (1980); In re Maraziti, 233 N.J.Super. 488, 559 A.2d 447 (App.Div.1989). To the ... ...
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39 books & journal articles
  • The Green Mountain boys still love their freedom: criminal jurisprudence of the Vermont Supreme Court.
    • United States
    • Albany Law Review Vol. 60 No. 5, August 1997
    • August 6, 1997
    ...Law Tradition, 84 Mich. L. Rev. 583 (1986). For cases relying upon public policy, see, e.g., Bolt, 689 P.2d at 528; Matter of Baby M, 537 A.2d 1227, 1253-55 (N.J. 1988); Novembrino, 519 A.2d at 849-57; People v. Isaacson, 378 N.E.2d 78, 85 (N.Y. 1978); People v. Townsend, 300 N.E.2d 722, 72......
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    • Georgetown Journal of Gender and the Law No. XXIV-2, January 2023
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    ...§ 9:17-65 (West, Westlaw through L. 2023, c. 118 & J.R. No. 8). 210. Id. § 9:17-63(a)(1). 211. Id. § 9:17-65(d). 212. See In re Baby M., 537 A.2d 1227, 1235, 1240, 1250, 1252 (N.J. 1988). 213. See id. at 1234; N.J. STAT. ANN. § 9:17-63(a) (West, Westlaw through L. 2023, c. 118 & J.R. No. 8)......
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