Baca v. State

• Decision Date: 14 September 1987
• Docket Number: No. 17193,17193
• Citation: 742 P.2d 1043,1987 NMSC 92,106 N.M. 338
• Parties: Ruben BACA, Petitioner, v. STATE of New Mexico, Respondent.
• Court: New Mexico Supreme Court

Page 1043

742 P.2d 1043

106 N.M. 338

Ruben BACA, Petitioner, v. STATE of New Mexico, Respondent.

No. 17193.

Supreme Court of New Mexico.

Sept. 14, 1987.

[106 NM 338] Jacquelyn Robins, Chief Public Defender, Bruce Rogoff, Asst. Appellate Defender, Santa Fe, for petitioner.

Hal Stratton, Atty. Gen., Anthony Tupler, Asst. Atty. Gen., Santa Fe, for respondent.

OPINION

SOSA, Senior Justice.

This appeal is before us on petition for writ of certiorari to the court of appeals. Defendant-petitioner Ruben Baca (Baca) appeals his conviction on one count of trafficking in cocaine. Specifically, Baca appeals the trial court's denial of his motion for directed verdict, alleging that the state failed to rebut Baca's defense of entrapment. In a memorandum opinion, the court of appeals affirmed the trial court. After reviewing the record, the court of appeals' file, and petitioner's brief, we reverse.

FACTS

Since the trial court gave the requisite instruction to the jury on entrapment, SCRA 1986, 14-5160, Baca is required here to establish as a matter of law that the facts before us constitute the defense of entrapment. We find that Baca meets this requirement.

During the period March-June, 1986, the New Mexico State Police were using the services of an informer named Billy Granger in conducting undercover operations designed to arrest persons trafficking in narcotics. Baca was at Granger's house on the evening of June 10, 1986, when Granger introduced Baca to Officer Carl Work, an undercover agent who was working with Granger. Baca could not speak English and Work could not speak Spanish. Granger spoke both languages and thus acted as an interpreter, telling Work that Baca could purchase cocaine for Work. Work had never met Baca before.

The sale of cocaine from Baca to Work was conducted in the following manner. Granger and Baca drove with Work to a trailer which the two of them entered as Work waited in the car. The pair returned to the car and drove with Work to a local bar. Baca entered the bar alone, staying so long that Work became impatient, ordering Granger to go into the bar and bring Baca back outside. Upon returning to the car, Baca handed Work a package of material which Work believed to be cocaine, and for which Work paid Baca $130.

At trial, Baca testified that he had gone to Granger's house to buy marijuana, and had driven around town with Granger, getting progressively inebriated by drinking beer. Baca testified that when they returned to Granger's house Granger proposed that Baca sell cocaine to "a friend" of Granger's, whom Granger was afraid to deal with because Granger owed the friend money. Baca and Granger picked up the cocaine at the trailer, with Granger buying the cocaine and giving it to Baca. Upon arriving at the bar, Baca stayed inside playing pool and drinking beer until Granger asked him to exit and sell the cocaine to Work.

The officer supervising the undercover operation had learned of Granger's record for felony marijuana convictions and had proposed to the local district attorney that Granger be given early release in exchange for Granger's "making" twenty cases for the police. At trial, the supervising officer testified that he mistrusted Granger because the latter had lied while helping the police investigate two earlier cases. Work too testified that he mistrusted Granger, because the latter was "working off charges."

THE DEFENSE OF ENTRAPMENT

The sole issue is whether as a matter of law these facts constitute entrapment. We answer in the affirmative. In reaching this conclusion, we rely on State v. Fiechter, 89 N.M. 74, 547 P.2d 557 (1976), the foundational authority in New Mexico on the defense of entrapment. In State v. Fiechter, we held that the key issue for the trier of fact where the defense of entrapment is asserted is the defendant's predisposition to commit the crime. We thus opted entirely for the "subjective standard" approach, and ignored the "objective standard" in which the trier of fact, in determining whether there was entrapment, considers any misconduct of the police. In adopting the former approach, we stated, "[U]nder the subjective standards we approve today, it is rare indeed when entrapment may correctly be held to exist as a matter of law." Id. at 77, 547 P.2d at 560. We feel that our opinion in Fiechter is correct insofar as it focuses upon a defendant's predisposition to commit a crime, but Fiechter needs to be expanded to make allowance for an objective standard.

The objective/subjective debate has continued unchecked since the first entrapment case was decided by the United States Supreme Court in Sorrells v. United States, 287 U.S. 435, 53 S.Ct. 210, 77 L.Ed. 413 (1932). In that case the court held, "[T]he Government cannot be permitted to contend that [a defendant] is guilty of a crime where government officials are the instigators of his conduct," id. at 452, 53 S.Ct. at 216, a rule which gave rise to the objective criterion for defining entrapment. Yet, because it referred to the defendant's predisposition, id. at 451, 53 S.Ct. at 216, the Supreme Court suggested that entrapment was to some extent also based on a subjective standard. As a result, Sorrells v. United States set the courts of this country off in an often confusing search for the perfect definition of entrapment--one which would balance the objective prong of Sorrells (misconduct of the police) against the subjective prong of that decision (predisposition of defendant). In Sherman v. United States, 356 U.S. 369, 78 S.Ct. 819, 2 L.Ed.2d 848 (1958), the Supreme Court stayed with the rationale established in Sorrells, but failed to establish any criteria for determining what conduct would establish the defendant's predisposition.

In United States v. Russell, 411 U.S. 423, 93 S.Ct. 1637, 36 L.Ed.2d 366 (1973), after concluding that there was no police misconduct, the court held that a finding of predisposition is "fatal to [a] claim of entrapment," id. at 436, 93 S.Ct. at 1645. In Fiechter, we relied on United States v. Russell, overruling State v. Sainz, 84 N.M. 259, 501 P.2d 1247 (Ct.App.1972), which in turn had relied on the Ninth Circuit decision overruled in Russell. In Russell the trial court had not been presented with the question of whether entrapment existed as a matter of law, but with a factual dispute which had to be decided by the jury, and the jury found that the idea for the commission of the crime originated with the defendant and not with the police. Thus, reading the decision in Russell in light of the court's previous decisions, Russell merely stands for the proposition that police misconduct is not the sole determinant in defining entrapment.

The Supreme Court's latest ruling on entrapment is Hampton v. United States, 425 U.S. 484, 96 S.Ct. 1646, 48 L.Ed.2d 113 (1976), a decision which has not clarified the law. The defendant in Hampton v. United States did not contest his predisposition to commit the crime. Instead, he argued that police misconduct leading to his arrest violated constitutional due process, an argument rejected by a plurality of the court, who concluded that predisposition is a more crucial element in the definition of entrapment than alleged police misconduct. Because of the split among the justices, Hampton added little to the debate over objective versus subjective standards.

As a result, the leading authority for the objective-standard definition of entrapment remains United States v. Bueno, 447 F.2d 903 (5th Cir.1971) reh'g denied, cert. denied, 411 U.S. 949, 93 S.Ct. 1931, 36 L.Ed.2d 411 (1973). In that case, one government agent supplied the illicit drug and another induced the defendant to act as a go-between, giving the defendant the money to be delivered to the first agent. By the subjective standard adopted in Fiechter, this factual situation would not lead to a reversal of conviction unless the defendant could negate his predisposition to commit the crime. We feel that the Fiechter rule as thus defined is too narrow, and should be expanded to include a factual situation similar to that in United States v. Bueno, i.e., a situation which, as the court in Bueno stated, "takes on the element of the government buying [narcotics] from itself, through an intermediary, the defendant, and then charging him with the crime." Id. at 905.

A number of states have adopted a rule similar to the Bueno rule. See People v. Martin, 124 Ill.App.3d 590, 79 Ill.Dec. 933, 464 N.E.2d 837 (1984); State v. Branam, 161 N.J.Super. 53, 390 A.2d 1186 (1978) aff'd per curiam, 79 N.J. 301, 399 A.2d 299 (1979); Sylar v. State, 340 So.2d 10 (Miss.1976); People v. Stanley, 68 Mich.App. 559, 243 N.W.2d 684 (1976).

The case before us presents a perfect illustration of why something more than a subjective standard is needed to define entrapment. It was the police informant Granger who procurred the cocaine, and it was he who arranged for the purported sale between Baca and Work. Baca acted as nothing more than a conduit, conveying cocaine from a police informant to a policeman. Such detailed involvement on the part of the police in the cocaine transaction exceeds proper...