Baker v. State
Citation | 968 N.E.2d 227 |
Decision Date | 12 June 2012 |
Docket Number | No. 89S01–1109–CR–543.,89S01–1109–CR–543. |
Parties | Michael W. BAKER, Appellant (Defendant below), v. STATE of Indiana, Appellee (Plaintiff below). |
Court | Indiana Supreme Court |
OPINION TEXT STARTS HERE
Amy K. Noe, Richmond, IN, Attorney for Appellant.
Gregory F. Zoeller, Attorney General of Indiana, Ann L. Goodwin, Janine S. Huffman, Deputy Attorney General, Indianapolis, IN, Attorneys for Appellee.
On Transfer from the Indiana Court of Appeals, No. 89A01–1010–CR–536.
Defendant Michael W. Baker challenges the sufficiency of the evidence underlying his conviction for burglary. He contends that the State failed to adduce any evidence that would permit a reasonable jury to conclude that he acted with the requisite intent. We disagree and hold that there was sufficient evidence of intent to support the defendant's conviction.
On the morning of Monday, January 22, 2008, a member of Harvest Time Tabernacle Church visited the church to pray. The member was the only person present that morning and let himself in using his key to the church. Upon entering, the member proceeded downstairs to the basement where he noticed a broken window and blood nearby. The member then called the pastor of the church and the police, both of whom arrived shortly thereafter. Further inspection of the church revealed dents and scratches on the front door which were characterized by witnesses as pry marks, blood and glass near the front door, a lacerated window screen on another unbroken window, blood on the door leading into the church nursery, and several kitchen cabinets and drawers standing ajar with blood stains on the outside of them. No other evidence of the apparent intruder was discovered, and it appeared that nothing had been removed from the church. DNA collected from the scene matched that of the defendant, and the parties later stipulated that the defendant was the source of the DNA collected at the church.
The State charged the defendant with burglary of a structure used for religious worship with the intent to commit theft, a class B felony under Indiana Code Section 35–43–2–1(1)(B)(ii). The State also filed an Information 1 seeking to have the defendant sentenced, if convicted, as a habitual offender under Indiana Code Section 35–50–2–8 based on two of the defendant's unrelated felony convictions. The defendant pled “not guilty” to the burglary charge and pled “guilty” to the habitual offender charge. At his trial, the jury found the defendant guilty of class B burglary. The defendant has appealed his conviction on the ground that there was insufficient evidence to support a conviction for burglary. The Court of Appeals reversed the defendant's conviction for burglary, concluding that “[t]here is insufficient evidence of Baker's intent to commit theft within the church.” Baker v. State, No. 89A01–1010–CR–536, 2011 WL 2436932, at *4 (Ind.Ct.App. June 17, 2011). We granted transfer and now affirm the defendant's conviction for burglary.
When reviewing a claim of insufficient evidence, an appellate court Freshwater v. State, 853 N.E.2d 941, 942 (Ind.2006) (citing Justice v. State, 530 N.E.2d 295, 296 (Ind.1988)) (citations omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted). We do not reweigh the evidence or judge the credibility of witnesses. McHenry v. State, 820 N.E.2d 124, 126 (Ind.2005); Walker v. State, 442 N.E.2d 696, 698 (Ind.1982). These evaluations are for the trier of fact, not appellate courts. In essence, we assess only whether the verdict could be reached based on reasonable inferences that may be drawn from the evidence presented. Kidd v. State, 530 N.E.2d 287, 287 (Ind.1988).
Burglary is the breaking and entering of the building or structure of another person with the intent to commit a specific felony therein.2Ind. Code § 35–43–2–1; Gilliam v. State, 508 N.E.2d 1270, 1270 (Ind.1987); Yeagley v. State, 467 N.E.2d 730, 736 (Ind.1984). The defendant admits that the evidence is sufficient to prove that he broke and entered the church, Appellant's Am. Br. at 4, but he argues that the State failed to produce any evidence that would support the inference that he broke and entered with the intent to commit theft inside the church.3 He claims that the “evidence only establishes that [he] entered through a window, went to the kitchen, and opened cupboards and drawers” but not that he “rummaged through” them in any manner that would evince an intent to commit theft. Id. He also asserts that there is no evidence that he took anything or “went anywhere near valuable property.” Id. The State responds that evidence suggesting that the defendant opened the cupboards and drawers in the kitchen is enough to support a reasonable inference that the defendant “was looking for something to steal” and thus enough to support an inference that he broke and entered the church with the intent to commit theft inside. Appellee's Br. at 5. We agree with the State.
“Burglars rarely announce their intentions at the moment of entry,” Gilliam, 508 N.E.2d at 1271, and indeed many times there is no one around to hear them even if they were to do so. Hence, a burglar's intent to commit a specific felony at the time of the breaking and entering “may be inferred from the circumstances.” Id.; see also Hampton v. State, 961 N.E.2d 480, 487 (Ind.2012) (); Kondrup v. State, 250 Ind. 320, 323–24, 235 N.E.2d 703, 705 (1968) (). “Circumstantial evidence alone is sufficient to sustain a burglary conviction.” Kidd, 530 N.E.2d at 287;accord Cash v. State, 557 N.E.2d 1023, 1025 (Ind.1990) ().
Evidence of intent “need not be insurmountable,” Gilliam, 508 N.E.2d at 1271, but there must be a “specific fact that provides a solid basis to support a reasonable inference that the defendant had the specific intent to commit a felony,” Freshwater, 853 N.E.2d at 944. The evidentiary inference pointing to the defendant's intent must be separate from the inference of the defendant's breaking and entering. Justice, 530 N.E.2d at 297;Kondrup, 250 Ind. at 323, 235 N.E.2d at 705. The inference of intent must not derive from or be supported by the inference of breaking and entering. In other words, the evidence must support each inference—felonious intent and breaking and entering—independently, and neither inference should rely on the other for support. This is not to say, however, that the same piece of evidence cannot support both inferences.
Requiring independent evidence of intent is necessary to maintain the distinction between burglary and other criminal offenses involving property invasion such as criminal trespass, Ind.Code § 35–43–2–2, or residential entry, Ind.Code § 35–43–2–1.5. Permitting the felonious intent element to be inferred from the inference of breaking and entering would render the intent element meaningless and read it out of the statute. See Faulkner v. State, 260 Ind. 82, 87, 292 N.E.2d 594, 596 (1973) () .4
Here, there was evidence that the defendant had been in the church kitchen and opened several cupboards and drawers while there. This evidence, standing alone, permits a reasonable inference of the defendant's felonious intent at the time of entry. Looking through the kitchen cupboards and drawers was not a necessary step in the act of breaking and entering the church. It was an additional act, separate and distinct from the breaking and entering, in which the defendant chose to engage. The opening of cabinets and drawers by an intruder suggests, among other things, that the person opening them was looking for something to take. From this, the jury reasonably could have concluded that the defendant broke and entered the church with an intent to commit theft. That there was no evidence that the defendant had rummaged through the drawers or cabinets, as the defendant argues, is of no consequence. The act of opening the drawers and cabinets alone was enough to support an inference of intent to commit theft. Evidence of rummaging would simply bolster the already reasonable inference of intent.
The defendant also argues that there is no evidence that he was near or approaching any valuable property while inside the church, drawing on brief discussions in Freshwater, 853 N.E.2d at 944–45 ( ), and Justice, 530 N.E.2d at 297 ( ). Neither of these cases, however, should be understood to suggest that sufficient evidence...
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