Barnes v. Washington

• Decision Date: 30 November 1973
• Docket Number: No. 45154,45154
• Citation: 56 Ill.2d 22,305 N.E.2d 535
• Parties: Rebecca BARNES, Conservator, Appellee, v. Edward WASHINGTON et al. Appeal of ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD COMPANY.
• Court: Illinois Supreme Court

Page 535

305 N.E.2d 535

56 Ill.2d 22

Rebecca BARNES, Conservator, Appellee, v. Edward WASHINGTON et al. Appeal of ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD COMPANY.

No. 45154.

Supreme Court of Illinois.

Nov. 30, 1973.

Lawrence Lawless and Thomas J. Healey, Chicago (Robert W. Coster, Chicago, of counsel), for appellant.

Torshen, Cohen & Eiger, Ltd., and Heller & Morris, Chicago (Benjamin H. Cohen, Chicago, of counsel), for appellee.

RYAN, Justice.

The circuit court of Cook County entered a judgment in favor of defendant Illinois Central Railroad Company on its motion for summary judgment. The appellate court reversed the judgment of the circuit court and remanded the case for further proceedings (4 Ill.App.3d 513, 281 N.E.2d 380), and we granted leave to appeal.

It appears that Jessie Barnes, a 37-year-old incompetent, on November 14, 1959 visited a tavern on the south side of Chicago. While there, he became intoxicated. Later that evening he was taken to a private party by some individuals whom he had met in the tavern. Still later that night, or early on the morning of November 15, when leaving the private party he was given a ride; however, he was not taken to his home. There are discrepancies in the plaintiff's pleadings and answers to interrogatories as to where the incompetent got out of the automobile, but for the purpose of this case we accept the plaintiff's allegations that he did so at Marquette Road and Dorchester Avenue, adjacent to railroad tracks owned by the defendant. Three days later, on November 17, he was found in a switch shanty in the railroad yards in Decatur, Illinois, 175 miles south of Chicago. His extremities were frozen to the extent that amputations were required.

Rebecca Barnes, his mother, as conservator of the incompetent's estate, originally instituted an action for damages under 'An Act relating to alcoholic liquors,' commonly known as the Dramshop Act (Ill.Rev.Stat.1959, ch. 43, par. 135), alleging that the individuals whom the incompetent had met in the tavern had placed him in a railroad car. Subsequently, an amended complaint was filed joining the Wabash Railroad Company as defendant, alleging that the incompetent had boarded one of Wabash's trains at a point several blocks from where it is now alleged he boarded the defendant's train. The court allowed Wabash's motion to dismiss, and on March 22, 1967, more than 6 years after the original complaint was filed, plaintiff filed another amendment to her complaint, adding count VIII making the Illinois Central Railroad Company a defendant. It is this count which is involved in this appeal. In count VIII the plaintiff alleges that this defendant maintains and uses railroad tracks in the vicinity of Marquette Road and Dorchester Avenue, which tracks are raised by an embankment, and on the 14th or 15th of November, 1959, the incompetent boarded a box car of one of the defendant's trains at Marquette Road and Dorchester Avenue and was subsequently locked in the car for a period of three days. The plaintiff further alleges that at that time the defendant and its agents 'knew or should have known that trespassers frequently boarded their trains and rode in their cars, and were grossly negligent in failing to properly maintain the fence along the right of way at Marquette Road and Dorchester Ave., which they knew or should have known was pulled aside and torn open by children and others who played upon and about the railroad embankment, and in failing to inspect their cars for children or incompetents, particularly before locking their cars, and as a result of said gross negligence, the Plaintiff's Incompetent, Jessie Barnes, was able to enter the railroad embankment through the hole in the fence, climb up the embankment and enter one of the railroad cars of the defendant * * *.'

Without filing an answer to count VIII the defendant filed a motion for summary judgment and an amended motion for summary judgment supported by an affidavit stating that the defendant does not maintain yard facilities in the vicinity of the occurrence and that 'as to that portion of its trackage lying in the vicinity of Dorchester Avenue operats freight trains on a through train basis and does not maintain or operate sidings or yard tracks and that, therefore, there would be no occasion for a freight train of the defendant to have stopped so as to permit any person to board an unoccupied box car nor to be locked therein as is implied by the plaintiff.'

Plaintiff filed an answer and a counter-affidavit in opposition to the motion for summary judgment which established that the fence along the defendant's track at Dorchester Avenue and Marquette Road was open at two places where entry could be had to the defendant's tracks and that the incompetent was last seen after he got out of an automobile a few feet from an opening in the fence. These facts were presented as proof that the incompetent boarded the defendant's railroad car at that point.

To establish that the incompetent was on a railroad car, a report of laboratory tests made of his clothing was attached to the plaintiff's counteraffidavit. The tests showed that material found on his clothing indicated he could have been on a railroad car.

To support the plaintiff's allegation that the defendant knew or should have known that trespassers boarded their cars and that children and others played on the railroad embankment, statements of witnesses were attached to the affidavit which established that there were holes in the fence along the railroad tracks and that children and adults had walked over the embankment as a shortcut and that children had often been seen playing on the embankment.

Necessary to any recovery based on the theory of common law negligence is the existence of a duty or an obligation requiring one to conform to a certain standard of conduct for the protection of another against an unreasonable risk. Whether under the facts of a case such a relationship exists between two parties as to require that a legal obligation be imposed upon one for the benefit of another is a question of law to be determined by the court. (Prosser, handbook of the Law of Torts (4th ed. 1971), sec. 37.) A motion for summary judgment is properly allowed if the pleadings, depositions, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact. Ill.Rev.Stat.1967, ch. 110, par. 57(3).

This court has said: 'It may be stated generally that if what is contained in the pleadings and affidavits would have constituted all of the evidence before the court and upon such evidence there would be nothing left to go to a jury, and the court would be required to direct a verdict, then a summary judgment should be entered.' (Fooden v. Board of Governors, 48 Ill.2d 580, at 587, 272 N.E.2d 497, at 500.) This court has also held that the entry of a summary judgment is proper when only a question of law is involved. (Allen v. Meyer, 14 Ill.2d 284, 152 N.E.2d 576.) Thus, if under the pleadings and affidavits it appears that the defendant owed no duty to the incompetent, the granting of the motion for summary judgment was proper.

For the purposes of this motion we will accept the allegations that the fence along the defendant's tracks at Marquette Road and Dorchester Avenue was open at two points permitting access to the defendant's tracks. We will also accept the allegations that the incompetent entered the defendant's property at this point and boarded defendant's train and was transported to Decatur, Illinois. Also accepted is the fact that children played on the embankment and that it was used by children and adults as a shortcut. The controlling issue, however, is whether under these facts, considering all of the documents filed by both parties, there was a duty or obligation owed by the defendant to the incompetent. We think that these facts did not impose such a duty on the defendant.

The plaintiff contends that the defendant owes an adult incompetent the same duty that it owes a child of tender years. There is some authority that an infant's mental development may be considered insofar as it relates to his inability to appreciate the danger of an existing condition. (Prosser, Handbook of the Law of Torts (4th ed. 1971), sec. 59, at 374.) It may be appropriate to also extend this consideration to a trespassing incompetent adult because of a similar inability to appreciate the danger of an existing condition. However, as to the foreseeability of an unreasonable risk, there are situations in which a landowner may not reasonably foresee a condition as a risk to a child because its lack of physical development prevents access to the dangerous condition. However, the same condition may constitute a danger to an adult incompetent which danger would be unforeseen unless the landowner had knowledge of the incompetence. For instance, an adult incompetent may have no difficulty in raising himself into an open box car from the ground, whereas it would be difficult, if not impossible, for an immature child to do so. For this reason we must reject the...