Bartoszek v. Marshall, 768A129

• Decision Date: 15 December 1970
• Docket Number: No. 1,No. 768A129,768A129,1
• Citation: 264 N.E.2d 635,148 Ind.App. 214
• Parties: Victor BARTOSZEK, Appellant, v. Alvah MARSHALL and New York Central Railroad Company, Appellees
• Court: Indiana Appellate Court

Page 635

264 N.E.2d 635

148 Ind.App. 214

Victor BARTOSZEK, Appellant, v. Alvah MARSHALL and New York Central Railroad Company, Appellees.

No. 768A129.

Appellate Court of Indiana, Division No. 1.

Dec. 15, 1970.

Rehearing Denied Feb. 1, 1971.

George Vann, Kentland, for appellant; Barce, Barce & Vann, Kentland, of counsel.

Ronald T. Spangler, Jon F. Schmoll, Gary, for appellee, Alvah Marshall; Spangler, Jennings, Spangler & Dougherty, Gary, Thomas B. Dumas, Rensselaer, of counsel.

Richard O. Olson, Chicago, Ill., Owen Wm. Crumpacker, Harold Abrahamson, Crumpacker & Abrahamson, Hammond, for appellee, New York Central Railroad Co.

SULLIVAN, Judge.

This action was brought by plaintiff-appellant, Victor Bartoszek, against Alvah Marshall and the New York Central Railroad Company for damages for personal injuries resulting from a collision of plaintiff's auto with one driven by Alvah Marshall, as the agent for the railroad. Trial was had by jury, which returned a verdict in favor of the defendants.

The question to be determined by this court is the ruling of the trial court which rejected certain evidence offered by the plaintiff on redirect examination. Plaintiff offered the evidence for the purpose of rehabilitating himself after he had been impeached during cross-examination. In order to fully understand the trial court's ruling it is necessary to note the impeaching questions and answers. The defendant, after introducing plaintiff's naval medical record into evidence (which showed that plaintiff had been seriously hurt when his jeep overturned in China in 1947) proceeded as follows:

'Q You were under oath when you answered the interrogatories submitted to you, why, when you were asked this question: 'List any accident in which you have sustained any injuries, giving the dates, places, nature of accident and scope and extent of the injuries you received therein?', and you answered 'None'?

A That had been a long time ago and at the time I was in very good shape.

Q. That wasn't the answer you gave to the interrogatory.

A I don't know what the interrogatory said, these things happened a long time ago.

Q One interrogatory was the one I just read to you, to which you answered 'None,' and the next interrogatory was 'How many times have you received treatments for any disease, illness or ailment in the past to the present time. Give the dates of such treatments, the nature of the disease, illness or ailment, and if it resulted in disability, state the details and the dates covering such disability?', and your answer was 'None', those are your answers, under oath, is that correct?

A If that is written there, that is my signature and apparently I said that.'

In an effort to rehabilitate the plaintiff on redirect examination, an offer was made by him to introduce the complete set of plaintiff's answers to the interrogatories, a portion of which had been used by the defendant, as hereinbefore set forth, to impeach the plaintiff. The plaintiff also attempted to get before the jury certain other answers to the interrogatories. Plaintiff was asked upon redirect examination whether he had also been asked in the interrogatories to state the approximate dates and places when X-rays, myelograms, or fluoroscopic views were taken of him in the 15 years preceding December 11, 1963. Although the plaintiff offered the interrogatories and the answers to them into evidence for the purpose of explaining and placing into proper perspective the matters which were brought out during the cross-examination with reference to plaintiff's prior injuries and not as proof of the substantive matters contained in the interrogatories, the trial court sustained the defendants' objections in the following colloquy:

'MR. SPANGLER: Same objections and he testified under oath he had never been injured before, it was admission against interest, but for him to be able to read the interrogatories into the evidence, which are self-serving, is not proper.

THE COURT: Objection sustained.

MR. VANN: We didn't introduce them.

THE COURT: They didn't introduce them either.

MR. VANN: They made reference to three or four questions, doesn't the plaintiff have the right to introduce the whole thing?

THE COURT: No, just that part of it, those three or four questions.'

The effect of the ruling was to leave with the jury the possible impression that the plaintiff deliberately tried to conceal the prior injury suffered in China.

If the answers had been admitted the jury would have been aware that the plaintiff in response to a particular interrogatory had answered that he had been hospitalized on a U.S. Naval hospital ship and that plaintiff's shipboard confinement was for treatment of the injury that he had received while in China. If plaintiff was deliberately and consciously attempting to conceal the prior injury in the answers to the defendant Marshall's interrogatories which had been admitted into evidence upon cross-examination, it is unlikely that he would disclose the fact that he was hospitalized aboard ship for that very injury. Therefore, the defendants' contention and the trial court's conclusion that there was nothing in the interrogatories that would rehabilitate or explain the plaintiff's contradictory statement is erroneous.

When a witness or a party has been impeached by prior utterances showing self-contradiction, fairness requires that he be allowed to explain away their effect if he is able. In III Wigmore on Evidence (3rd Ed.), § 1045, p. 739, the following discussion of the problem of explanation of impeachment by prior utterances appears:

'Putting in the Whole of the Contradictory Statement. In making this explanation, it is obvious that in theory all that is allowable, where the witness wishes to show that the true significance of the former statement has been distorted by a fragmentary repetition of it, is the addition of such other parts of the statement as explain its true significance,--and not the entire conversation or writing, which may contain portions wholly irrelevant for the legitimate purpose of explanation. Such is the rule in England. But in the United States it is common to say that the whole of the conversation, or of the former testimony or the deposition, may be received.

'There is much to be said in favor of this looser doctrine, (1) because it affords a simpler test and avoids a continuous and petty wrangle over the various parts of the conversation or deposition, and (2) because the possible disadvantage of introducing some irrelevant matter may well be borne by the party who provoked this result by attempting...