Belger v. Arnot

• Decision Date: 03 July 1962
• Citation: 183 N.E.2d 866,344 Mass. 679
• Parties: Margaret C. BELGER v. Robert E. ARNOT.
• Court: United States State Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts Supreme Court

Page 866

183 N.E.2d 866

344 Mass. 679

Margaret C. BELGER v.Robert E. ARNOT.

Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, Norfolk.

Argued April 5, 1962.

Decided July 3, 1962.

Walter Powers, Jr., Boston, for plaintiff.

Leon F. Sargent, Boston, for defendant.

John F. Dunn and Charles J. Dunn, Boston, by leave of court, amici curiae.

Before WILKINS, C. J., and WHITTEMORE, CUTTER, KIRK, and SPIEGEL, JJ.

WILKINS, Chief Justice.

The plaintiff sues the defendant, a psychiatrist, in tort for damages arising out of her confinement in Bournewood, a mental hospital in Brookline.The declaration is in three counts.Count 1 is for causing an assault by imprisoning and restraining her against her will in Bournewood.Count 2 is for causing her to be imprisoned and restrained of her liberty in Bournewood for a long period of time against her will.Count 3 is for negligent diagnosis and treatment by a physician.The answer contains a general denial; allegations of contributory negligence and wrongful conduct on the part of the plaintiff; and allegations that because the plaintiff was mentally ill and in immediate need of medical treatment the defendant duly arranged for such treatment at Bournewood in accordance with G.L. c. 123.The judge found for the plaintiff on count 1, and for the defendant on counts 2 and 3.The defendant's exceptions relate to the denial of his requests for rulings numbered 5, 6, and 16.These rulings present the only issues before us.

1.The sixteenth request was: 'The evidence warrants a finding for the defendant under Count 1 of the plaintiff's declaration.'The judge made only a general finding.Hence, if there was evidence which would permit a finding for the defendant, the refusal of the request was error.Bresnick v. Heath, 292 Mass. 293, 298-299, 198 N.E. 175;Quality Fin. Co. v. Hurley, 337 Mass. 150, 152, 148 N.E.2d 385.The plaintiff's brief does not mention this request, but is largely concerned with arguing that the evidence warranted a finding in her favor.This, as we have indicated many times, does not meet the point.Rummel v. Peters, 314 Mass. 504, 517-518, 51 N.E.2d 57;Hoffman v. Chelsea, 315 Mass. 54, 56, 52 N.E.2d 7;Brodeur v. Seymour, 315 Mass. 527, 529-530, 53 N.E.2d 566;Liberatore v. Framingham, 315 Mass. 538, 541-542, 53 N.E.2d 561;Lawrence v. O'Neill, 317 Mass. 393, 395, 58 N.E.2d 140;Rock-Ola Mfg. Corp. v. Music & Television Corp., 339 Mass. 416, 422, 159 N.E.2d 417.

A preliminary analysis of count 1 is needed in the light of the judge's findings.The finding for the defendant on count 2 means that there was no false imprisonment.Count 1 charges an assault by false imprisonment, so the judge must have found that there was only an assault.The reference to false imprisonment in count 1 may be treated as surplusage, where the remaining allegations state a cause of action.Wolfson v. Fox, 338 Mass. 603, 604, 156 N.E.2d 422.The immediate question now becomes whether there was evidence which would warrant a finding that no assault was committed.By 'assault' the declaration is to be understood as comprehending an allegation that there was a 'battery.'The parties seem to have so treated it.SeeCommonwealth v. Ruggles, 6 Allen, 588, 590-591; Restatement: Torts, §§ 13, 21.

The defendant contends that there was evidence supporting such a finding on three grounds: (1) authority conferred under G.L. c. 123, § 79;(2) the written authorization of the plaintiff's husband for the administration of electric shock therapy; and (3)the plaintiff's voluntary application for care and treatment under G.L. c. 123, § 86.

We state certain pertinent testimony, beginning with that of the defendant.The plaintiff was referred to him by Dr. Frederick W. O'Brien, who was treating her for cancer, and who have him information on the plaintiff's marital difficulties and background.He first saw the husband in order to obtain some history of the plaintiff and to appraise the husband as a person.He then saw the plaintiff on October 30, 1956, at Bournewood.He spent between thirty and sixty minutes with her in order to evaluate her marital problems and to seek solutions.She told him, 'God directs me in many things.''I met with God on that Greyhound bus.'She asked God, 'Where have I failed?' and the answer on the bus was, 'Tell Bill to look within himself.'The bus incident occurred ten years previously, but she stated in the present tense that God directs her in many things.On October 30, the defendant made a diagnosis of 'Involutional psychotic reaction, paranoid type,' and a final note that he would prefer her to have electric shock treatments, but not that day.She was then as much in need of temporary care as on November 3, but he would not sign the 'temporary care' paper with no member of the family present.On November 3the plaintiff and her husband came to him at the hospital.At that time he felt that she was sick and recommended that she stay in the hospital.'She refused, and the ten day paper was then signed.Doctors and nurses were called and they took her to a ward.'In the 'temporary care' paper he wrote, 'This patient has been manic in her activity and also paranoid.She feels that her actions are directed by God.She is in need of immediate hospitalization.''In his opinion, if at the time of the admission to the hospital, the plaintiff was not treated there would have been a possibility that she might hurt herself or someone else.That is a real risk in an involutional psychosis illness.'On November 3 the husband signed a permit, authorizing him and the hospital to administer electric shock treatments.He did not believe that the plaintiff ever specifically gave such permission, but he assumed that the husband, despite marital difficulties, was authorized.The electric shock treatments were administered by the defendant on November 6, 7, 8, 10, 13, 15, 17, and 20.A treatment causes a temporary loss of memory for the period immediately preceding, and consecutive treatments produce a greater temporary loss of memory.If memory is affected, judgment is affected.The treatments had no other physical effects on the plaintiff.He was not present when the plaintiff signed the 'voluntary paper.'After treatments were started she showed good improvement.After the eighth treatment she was discharged with the definite understanding that she would return.Eight treatments were not enough, and it was a mistake in judgment to let her go.She went home, and never returned.

A written statement of the husband, admitted in evidence by agreement, was to the effect that on November 3, when the plaintiff refused to remain, the defendant used a telephone; that a nurse and doctor appeared, 'took her by the arms and walked her out of the office'; that she protested, but did not scream; and that she was not dragged, drugged, nor given a needle.

The plaintiff's own testimony in some respects was different.She drove her husband to Bournewood and met the defendant in an office.In a visit, which lasted one-half hour, in the presence of her husband the defendant and she discussed life, philosophy, what she believed in, and her troubles at home.'While [they were] discussing these matters, three men appeared from somewhere and grabbed her.She did not know who the three men were; they were attendants.She rebelled and was physically fighting.* * * The attendants took her to one of the more serious ladies wards where hospital privileges were not allowed, and there confined her to bed.'

Dr. Charles Saltzman testified that he was a physician psychiatrist and acting superintendent of Bournewood; that he saw the plaintiff daily during her stay at the hospital from November 3 to 20, 1956; that it was his diagnostic impression that 'the plaintiff was suffering from an involutional psychotic reaction paranoid type'; and that it was his impression that she was in need of immediate care and treatment.On November 12, 1956, the plaintiff signed a voluntary admission paper.G.L. c. 123, § 86(as amended through St.1955, c. 637, § 15).

Dr. William M. Konikov testified that he was a resident physician psychiatrist at Bournewood; that he saw the plaintiff on November 3, 1956; and that in the course of the first few days of her hospitalization he made a diagnosis that she was suffering from involutional psychosis paranoid type, and was in the need of hospitalization and treatment.

On the testimony of any one of three witnesses, namely, the plaintiff, her husband, and the defendant, a battery occurred, when the attendants took the plaintiff by the arms or 'grabbed' her, unless she consented or the action was privileged.Commonwealth v. Clark, 2 Metc. 23, 24;Commonwealth v. Ruggles, 6 Allen 588, 590-591; Restatement: Torts, § 13.SeeLeonard v. West, 281 Mass. 244, 183 N.E. 343.In assault the burden is on the plaintiff to prove lack of consent.Ford v. Ford, 143 Mass. 577, 578, 10 N.E. 474.Restatement: Torts, § 13, comment f. But there is nothing to indicate that on that occasion the plaintiff did consent.Consequently, unless the husband's consent is to be deemed the equivalent of hers, there was no consent.

(a)The defendant relies upon privilege under G.L. c. 123, § 79(as amended through St.1941, c. 645, § 2¹).The first sentence of this section reads, 'The superintendent or manager of any institution for the insane may, when requested by a physician * * *, receive and care for in such institution as a patient, for a period not exceeding ten days, any person deemed by such superintendent or manager to be in need of immediate care and treatment because of mental derangement other than drunkenness.'The third sentence is, 'Such request for admission of a patient shall be put in writing and be filed at the institution at the time of his reception, together with a statement in a form prescribed or approved by the department [of mental health], giving such information as it deems...