Berkson v. Gogo LLC, No. 14–CV–1199.
| Court | United States District Courts. 2nd Circuit. United States District Court (Eastern District of New York) |
| Writing for the Court | JACK B. WEINSTEIN, Senior District Judge |
| Citation | 97 F.Supp.3d 359 |
| Parties | Adam BERKSON, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated, and Kerry Welsh, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated, Plaintiffs, v. GOGO LLC, and Gogo Inc., Defendants. |
| Docket Number | No. 14–CV–1199. |
| Decision Date | 08 April 2015 |
97 F.Supp.3d 359
Adam BERKSON, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated, and Kerry Welsh, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated, Plaintiffs
v.
GOGO LLC, and Gogo Inc., Defendants.
No. 14–CV–1199.
United States District Court, E.D. New York.
Signed April 8, 2015.
Filed April 9, 2015.
97 F.Supp.3d 364
George Volney Granade, II, Michael Robert Reese, Reese LLP, New York, NY, for Plaintiffs.
Anthony Joseph Laura, Epstein Becker Green, New York, NY, for Defendants.
MEMORANDUM & ORDER
JACK B. WEINSTEIN, Senior District Judge:
| Table of Contents |
|---|
| I. | Introduction | 365 |
| II. | Procedural History | 367 |
| III. | Facts | 368 |
| A. | Defendant Gogo | 368 |
| B. | Monthly Service Charge | 368 |
| C. | Plaintiff Welsh | 368 |
| 1. | Sign–In Portal in August 2011 | 370 |
| 2. | Create Account Page | 371 |
| D. | Plaintiff Berkson | 373 |
| 1. | Sign–In Portal Since 2012 | 373 |
| 2. | Create Account Page | 374 |
| E. | Relationship Between Gogo Inc. and Gogo LLC | 376 |
| IV. | Assessing Attributes of the “Average Internet User” | 377 |
| A. | Studies | 377 |
| B. | Anecdotal Evidence | 381 |
| C. | The Reasonable Communicativeness Test | 381 |
| V. | Contract Formation and Assent | 383 |
| A. | Legal Research and Scholarship | 383 |
| 1. | “Informed Minority” Hypothesis | 383 |
| 2. | American Bar Association Working Group | 384 |
| 3. | Traditional Contract Doctrine and the Internet Age | 384 |
| B. | Law | 387 |
| 1. | Choice of Law | 387 |
| 2. | Common Law Contracting | 388 |
| a. | Acceptance | 388 |
| b. | Adhesion Contracts | 388 |
| c. | Unconscionability | 391 |
| i. | Procedural | 391 |
| ii. | Substantive | 391 |
| d. | Material Terms and Material Alterations | 392 |
| e. | Notice | 393 |
| 3. | Electronic Adhesion Contracts | 394 |
| a. | Browsewrap | 395 |
| b. | Clickwrap | 397 |
| c. | Scrollwrap | 398 |
| d. | Sign–in–wrap | 399 |
| e. | General Principles | 401 |
| 4. | Assessing Validity and |
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89 practice notes
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United States v. Bosyk, No. 18-4302
...and highlighted in blue and that you can click on in order to open a new web page are an example of a hyperlink." Berkson v. Gogo LLC , 97 F. Supp. 3d 359, 373 n.2 (E.D.N.Y. 2015) (citation omitted).5 Relatedly, the content to which a URL navigates and the link itself could "originate[ ]" i......
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United States v. R.V., 14–CR–0316
...States using the internet in 2014), http://www.pewinternet.org/data-trend/internet-use/latest-stats; see also Berkson v. Gogo LLC, 97 F.Supp.3d 359, 377 (E.D.N.Y.2015) (same). At this point, there was “near-saturation usage among those living in households earning $75,000 or more (99%), you......
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Corwin v. NYC Bike Share, LLC, 14–CV–1285 (SN)
...assent"). Accordingly, most lower courts have enforced such contracts, absent extraordinary circumstances. See Berkson v. Gogo LLC , 97 F.Supp.3d 359, 397 (E.D.N.Y. 2015) (collecting cases); Centrifugal Force, Inc. v. Softnet Commc'n, Inc. , No. 08-CV-5463 (CM), 2011 WL 744732, at *7 (S.D.N......
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Nicosia v. Amazon.com, Inc., 14-CV-4513 (ILG) (LB)
...as creating an account, see, e.g., Meyer v. Uber Technologies, Inc. , 868 F.3d 66, 70-71, 81-82 (2d Cir. 2017) ; Berkson v. Gogo LLC, 97 F.Supp.3d 359, 372-373, 374-375 (E.D.N.Y. 2015), executing a purchase order, see, e.g., Nicosia , 834 F.3d at 227, 241-242, or downloading an application,......
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88 cases
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United States v. Bosyk, No. 18-4302
...and highlighted in blue and that you can click on in order to open a new web page are an example of a hyperlink." Berkson v. Gogo LLC , 97 F. Supp. 3d 359, 373 n.2 (E.D.N.Y. 2015) (citation omitted).5 Relatedly, the content to which a URL navigates and the link itself could "originate[ ]" i......
-
United States v. R.V., 14–CR–0316
...States using the internet in 2014), http://www.pewinternet.org/data-trend/internet-use/latest-stats; see also Berkson v. Gogo LLC, 97 F.Supp.3d 359, 377 (E.D.N.Y.2015) (same). At this point, there was “near-saturation usage among those living in households earning $75,000 or more (99%), you......
-
Corwin v. NYC Bike Share, LLC, 14–CV–1285 (SN)
...assent"). Accordingly, most lower courts have enforced such contracts, absent extraordinary circumstances. See Berkson v. Gogo LLC , 97 F.Supp.3d 359, 397 (E.D.N.Y. 2015) (collecting cases); Centrifugal Force, Inc. v. Softnet Commc'n, Inc. , No. 08-CV-5463 (CM), 2011 WL 744732, at *7 (S.D.N......
-
Nicosia v. Amazon.com, Inc., 14-CV-4513 (ILG) (LB)
...as creating an account, see, e.g., Meyer v. Uber Technologies, Inc. , 868 F.3d 66, 70-71, 81-82 (2d Cir. 2017) ; Berkson v. Gogo LLC, 97 F.Supp.3d 359, 372-373, 374-375 (E.D.N.Y. 2015), executing a purchase order, see, e.g., Nicosia , 834 F.3d at 227, 241-242, or downloading an application,......
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1 firm's commentaries
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Web Design Accessibility Can Aid Enforcement Of Terms
...for formal enforceability guidelines. Footnotes 1. Meyer v. Uber Techs., Inc., 868 F.3d 66, 75 (2d Cir. 2017). 2. Berkson v. Gogo LLC, 97 F. Supp. 3d 359, 394-95 (E.D.N.Y. 3. Sarchi v. Uber Techs., Inc., 268 A.3d 258, 268 (2022 ME 8). 4. Meyer, 868 F.3d at 76. 5. Sellers v. JustAnswer LLC, ......