Berner v. Mills

Decision Date17 April 2003
Docket NumberRecord No. 021006.
Citation579 S.E.2d 159,265 Va. 408
CourtVirginia Supreme Court
PartiesTodd BERNER, M.D., et al. v. Scott MILLS, Co-Administrator of the Estate of Nelson Mills, et al.

Susan L. Mitchell (McCarthy & Massey, on briefs), for appellants.

Robert T. Hall (Holly Parkhurst Essing; Donna Miller Rostant; Hall, Sickels, Rostant, Frei & Kattenburg, on brief), Reston, for appellees.

Present: HASSELL, C.J., LACY, KEENAN, KOONTZ, KINSER, and LEMONS, JJ., and CARRICO, S.J.

Opinion by Justice BARBARA MILANO KEENAN.

In this appeal, we consider whether the Court of Appeals erred in affirming a decision of the Virginia Workers' Compensation Commission (the Commission) that it lacked jurisdiction to consider a claim against a professional corporation under the Virginia Birth-Related Neurological Injury Compensation Act (the Act), Code §§ 38.2-5000 through -5021. The primary question we decide is whether certain statutory amendments providing for the inclusion of professional corporations under the Act apply retroactively to bar a wrongful death action filed in a circuit court against a particular professional corporation.

We will state the facts relevant to this issue of law. In May 1998, Tara Mills gave birth to a son, Nelson Mills, who allegedly sustained multiple skull fractures and other serious, irreversible physical injuries resulting from medical procedures employed during the course of his delivery. Nelson was maintained on "life support" systems for about ten days, and he died following his parents' decision to discontinue that medical support.

In April 1999, Tara Mills and her husband, Scott A. Mills (collectively, the Mills), in their capacity as co-administrators of Nelson's estate, filed a motion for judgment in the Circuit Court of Arlington County against Todd Berner, M.D., and his employer, Primary Care for Women, P.C. (Primary Care).1 The Mills asserted a wrongful death claim alleging that Nelson died as the result of "massive head injuries from skull fractures" caused by Dr. Berner's negligent use of forceps during the delivery process.

In July 1999, pursuant to Code § 8.01-273.1, Dr. Berner and Primary Care asked the circuit court to refer the Mills' claims to the Commission to determine whether the Commission had exclusive jurisdiction under the Act to consider the claims. The Act generally provides the sole remedy for infants who have incurred a birth-related neurological injury caused by a "participating physician" or a "participating hospital," and bars infants who have sustained injuries of this nature from maintaining a common law tort action against such a "participating physician" or "participating hospital." See Code § 38.2-5002(B); Gibson v. Riverside Hosp., Inc., 250 Va. 140, 142, 458 S.E.2d 460, 462 (1995). The Commission has exclusive jurisdiction to decide whether an infant's claim lies within the purview of the Act. See Code § 38.2-5003.

In January 2000, the circuit court stayed proceedings on the motion for judgment and referred the Mills' claims to the Commission for a determination whether the claims were subject to the provisions of the Act. In March 2000, this Court decided Fruiterman v. Waziri, 259 Va. 540, 544-45, 525 S.E.2d 552, 554 (2000), in which we held that a professional corporation did not qualify as a "participating hospital" or a "participating physician" under the Act and, thus, was not afforded immunity from tort liability for birth-related neurological injuries caused by medical malpractice.

Based on the holding in Fruiterman, the Mills asked the Commission to remand their claim against Primary Care to the circuit court. The Mills informed the Commission that if it took this action, they would nonsuit their remaining claims against Dr. Berner and would waive any other claim they might have against any defendant under the Act.

On April 1, 2000, the Governor of Virginia approved the General Assembly's amendment and reenactment of Code §§ 8.01-273.1 and 38.2-5001. Acts 2000, ch. 207. Code § 8.01-273.1 was amended, in relevant part, to permit a party to an action in a circuit court, who is "a participating hospital or physician as defined in § 38.2-5001," to request the Commission to determine whether the claim on which the tort action is based is subject to the jurisdiction of the Act.

Under amended Code § 38.2-5001, the definition of the term "participating physician" was expanded to include a "professional corporation . . . or other entity through which the participating physician practices." As part of its amendment and reenactment of Code § 38.2-5001, the General Assembly stated that "the provisions of this act amending § 38.2-5001 are declaratory of existing law." Acts 2000, ch. 207, cl. 2.

Several weeks later, a deputy commissioner granted the Mills' motion to remand their claims to the circuit court. Based on the holding in Fruiterman, the deputy commissioner concluded that the Commission did not have jurisdiction over Primary Care because it did not qualify as either a "participating physician" or a "participating hospital" under the Act. The deputy commissioner also held that the April 1, 2000 amendments did not apply retroactively to the Mills' claims.

Dr. Berner and Primary Care appealed to the full Commission, which affirmed the deputy commissioner's decision. The Commission held, in relevant part, that the amendments could not be applied retroactively to the Mills' claims because the amendments would deprive the Mills of their substantive right to bring a wrongful death action in the circuit court against Primary Care.

Dr. Berner and Primary Care (the defendants) appealed this decision to the Court of Appeals, which affirmed the Commission's decision. Berner v. Mills, 38 Va.App. 11, 13, 18, 560 S.E.2d 925, 926, 928 (2002). The Court of Appeals concluded, in relevant part, that the amendments applied "only to cases that arose after their enactment" because "the General Assembly did not clearly, explicitly and unequivocally state that the . . . amendments were to be applied retroactively to causes of action that accrued before April 1, 2000." Id. at 17, 560 S.E.2d at 928. Thus, the Court of Appeals held that the Commission did not err in applying the decision in Fruiterman and in concluding that the Commission lacked jurisdiction over Primary Care, a professional corporation. Id. at 18, 560 S.E.2d at 928. The defendants appeal.

The defendants argue that the Court of Appeals erred in affirming the Commission's refusal to apply the amendments to Code § 38.2-5001 retroactively to the Mills' claims. They assert that the General Assembly plainly expressed an intent that those amendments be applied retroactively by stating that the amended statute was "declaratory of existing law." The defendants also contend that because Code § 38.2-5001 was amended and reenacted soon after our decision in Fruiterman, the amendments did not effect a substantive change in the law but merely articulated "what always has been the law and what always should have been the interpretation thereof." We disagree with the defendants' arguments.

Our analysis is guided by the fundamental principles of statutory construction that retroactive laws are not favored, and that a statute is always construed to operate prospectively unless a contrary legislative intent is manifest. Adams v. Alliant Techsystems, Inc., 261 Va. 594, 599, 544 S.E.2d 354, 356 (2001); McIntosh v. Commonwealth, 213 Va. 330, 331-32, 191 S.E.2d 791, 792 (1972); Duffy v. Hartsock, 187 Va. 406, 419, 46 S.E.2d 570, 576 (1948). The General Assembly incorporated the substance of these basic principles into the language of Code § 1-13.39:3, which provides additional direction concerning statutes, such as the two before us, that contain the word "reenacted" in their title or enactment.2 Code § 1-13.39:3 states:

Whenever the word "reenacted" is used in the title or enactment of a bill or act of assembly, it shall mean that the changes enacted to a section of the Code of Virginia or an act of assembly are in addition to the existing substantive provisions in that section or act, and are effective prospectively unless the bill expressly provides that such changes are effective retroactively on a specified date.
The provisions of this section are declaratory of existing
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