Bevis v. State

• Decision Date: 26 May 1993
• Docket Number: No. 78A01-9209-CR-322,78A01-9209-CR-322
• Citation: 614 N.E.2d 599
• Parties: Mildred BEVIS, Appellant-Defendant, v. STATE of Indiana, Appellee-Plaintiff.
• Court: Indiana Appellate Court

Page 599

614 N.E.2d 599

Mildred BEVIS, Appellant-Defendant, v. STATE of Indiana, Appellee-Plaintiff.

No. 78A01-9209-CR-322.

Court of Appeals of Indiana First District.

May 26, 1993.

Anthony J. Castor, Madison, for appellant-defendant.

Pamela Carter, Atty. Gen., Geoff Davis, Deputy Atty. Gen., Indianapolis, for appellee-plaintiff.

NAJAM, Judge.

STATEMENT OF THE CASE

Three prisoners escaped from the Switzerland County jail, and Appellant, Mildred Bevis ("Mildred"), was charged for her part in that event. After a jury trial, Mildred was convicted of Aiding, Inducing or Causing Escape, ¹ a Class C felony. As her grounds for appeal, Mildred alleges error at trial in the admission of testimony, exclusion of testimony, violation of her constitutional rights during cross-examination and prosecutorial misconduct. We reverse and remand.

ISSUE

Mildred presents four issues on appeal. Because we conclude that one issue warrants reversal, we address only the following question: Whether the State's cross-examination of Mildred concerning her post-arrest silence violated her right to fundamental fairness guaranteed by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

FACTS

The facts disclose that sometime between 12:30 and 1:00 a.m. on May 28, 1990, Mildred's husband, Troy Bevis ("Troy"), and two other prisoners escaped from the Switzerland County jail. They escaped through a window in their cell by using hacksaw blades, tin snips and a pocket knife in Troy's possession. Outside the jail the escapees were met by a station wagon driven by Troy's mother, Wanda Bevis ("Wanda").

Troy drove Wanda and the other escapees to Troy's mobile home where Mildred was waiting. During the ride, Troy told Wanda that he had expected Mildred to meet him. Wanda told Troy that she had come instead of Mildred because she did not want to involve Mildred, who had young children.

At Troy and Mildred's mobile home, Troy, Mildred and another escapee, Mark Leach ("Leach"), allegedly had a conversation in which Troy told Leach that Mildred had supplied Troy with the hacksaw blades used in the escape. When Leach asked how Troy had obtained the tools while in jail, Mildred purportedly replied that she Wanda subsequently drove Leach and the third escapee, Phillip Tracy III ("Tracy"), to her residence in her pickup truck where Leach and Tracy attempted to repair Troy's disabled truck. Troy and Mildred arrived at Wanda's residence shortly thereafter, and Troy helped Leach and Tracy repair the truck.

had given Troy the tools during a contact visit.

In the meantime, Indiana State Police Trooper Stan Tressler, responding to a call regarding the escape, arrived at Troy and Mildred's trailer at 2:15 a.m. Trooper Tressler knocked on the door and walked around the trailer for about ten minutes, but received no response. A light was on in the living room and there were no vehicles in front of the trailer.

At 2:52 a.m., Trooper Tressler arrived at Wanda's residence. As Trooper Tressler's vehicle crested the hill leading to Wanda's home, he was blinded momentarily by the high beam headlights of Wanda's approaching truck. Trooper Tressler noticed two people running from the scene. When Trooper Tressler asked Wanda and Mildred if the escapees were there, Wanda responded that she had not seen Troy since a visit earlier that day, and Mildred replied "I'm not saying nothing." Record at 212. The police later captured all three escapees.

Mildred and Wanda were charged by information for their part in the escape. At Mildred's and Wanda's joint trial, Leach recounted the alleged conversation between him, Troy and Mildred in which Troy and Mildred had discussed Mildred's role in the escape.

Wanda did not testify at trial, but Mildred took the stand and denied helping Troy and the others escape from jail. Mildred testified that on the night of the escape, she and Wanda were asleep at Mildred's mobile home when they received a telephone call from Troy at approximately 1:00 a.m., in which Troy informed Mildred that he had escaped and requested that she come to Wanda's home. Mildred testified that she thought Troy was joking but that she and Wanda then drove in separate vehicles to Wanda's home where they found Troy and the other men. Mildred explained that she argued with Troy regarding his escape and refused to transport him elsewhere. Mildred admitted visiting Troy the day before the escape, but she denied having given Troy the hacksaw blades during that visit.

Mildred and Wanda were both convicted of Aiding, Inducing or Causing Escape, and Mildred appeals. We will state additional facts in our discussion as needed.

DISCUSSION AND DECISION

Mildred asserts that the prosecutor made improper references to her post-arrest silence which placed her in grave peril and violated her Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination. Twice during its cross-examination, the State questioned Mildred about her post-arrest silence. On the first occasion, the prosecutor asked:

"Q. Let me see, you have never talked to me before have you?

A. No I have not.

Q. So I'm hearing this for the first time, right?

A. Right.

Q. So bear with me if I have to ask you to repeat a few things. Now it is a fact, isn't it, that you've never given a statement to the authorities, isn't it?"

Record at 447-48. Before Mildred could answer the last question, her counsel objected on the grounds that the prosecutor's question violated Mildred's presumption of innocence and her Fifth Amendment right to remain silent. Record at 448. The court sustained the objection. Record at 448. However, later in cross-examination, the prosecutor returned to the same inquiry:

"Q. Did you tell anybody what you told me?

A. No.

Q. Why didn't you do that?"

Record at 469. Mildred's counsel again objected on the grounds that these questions violated Mildred's Fifth Amendment rights. Record at 469. The court again sustained the objection.

Mildred asserts a Doyle violation. See Doyle v. Ohio (1976), 426 U.S. 610, 96 S.Ct. 2240, 49 L.Ed.2d 91. In Doyle, the Supreme Court held that using a defendant's post-arrest, post-Miranda silence for impeachment purposes violates the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Id. at 620, 96 S.Ct. at 2245, 49 L.Ed.2d at 98. Rejecting the State's contention that it sought to use the defendant's silence for the limited purpose of impeachment on cross-examination, the Court noted that Miranda warnings give the criminal defendant implicit assurances that silence will carry no penalty. Id. at 618, 96 S.Ct. at 2245, 49 L.Ed.2d at 98. "In such circumstances, it would be fundamentally unfair and a deprivation of due process to allow the arrested person's silence to be used to impeach an explanation subsequently offered at trial." Id. We note that a Doyle violation is actually a violation of the Due Process Clause's prohibition against fundamental unfairness, not a violation of the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. See Wainwright v. Greenfield (1986), 474 U.S. 284, 291, 291 n. 7, 106 S.Ct. 634, 638-39, 639 n. 7, 88 L.Ed.2d 623, 630, 630 n. 7.

We agree that the State's questions were impermissible under Doyle. The State sought to impeach Mildred's exculpatory testimony by making direct reference to her post-arrest silence, even though Mildred had been advised when charged that she had a right to remain silent. These questions violated Mildred's Due Process right to fundamental fairness.

At oral argument, ² the State maintained that these questions were permissible because they were intended to impeach Mildred's testimony with her pre-arrest silence and were not directed to her post-arrest, post-Miranda silence. See Beach v. State (1987), Ind.App., 512 N.E.2d 440, 443, trans. denied (citing Jenkins v. Anderson (1980), 447 U.S. 231, 100 S.Ct. 2124, 65 L.Ed.2d 86). The State was apparently referring to Mildred's statement, "I'm not saying nothing," made to Trooper Tressler before her arrest. Record at 212. However, the State conceded that these questions were not limited to Mildred's pre-arrest silence, and we believe it is apparent on the face of these questions that they were unlimited, general questions directed without distinction to Mildred's silence both before and after she was given Miranda warnings. These questions were impermissible under Doyle.

Our inquiry does not end there, however. Our supreme court has ruled that under some circumstances, a Doyle violation may be only harmless error. To determine whether a Doyle error is harmless, a reviewing court must ask if, absent the prosecutor's allusion to the defendant's post-arrest failure to deny the charged conduct, it is clear beyond a reasonable doubt that the jury would have returned a guilty verdict. Yurina v. State (1985), Ind., 474 N.E.2d 93, 96-97. Put another way, a Doyle violation is harmless "only when the court, after assessing the record as a whole to determine the probable impact of the improper evidence on the jury, can conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that the error did not influence the jury's verdict." Henson v. State (1987), Ind., 514 N.E.2d 1064, 1067.

Our supreme court has also adopted a five-factor test to guide this harmless error analysis. These factors include:

"1. The use to which the prosecution puts the post-arrest silence.

2. Who elected to pursue the line of questioning.

3. The quantum of other evidence indicative of guilt.

4. The intensity and frequency of the reference. [and]

5. The availability to the trial judge of an opportunity to grant a motion for mistrial or to give curative instructions."

Bieghler v. State (1985), Ind., 481 N.E.2d 78, 92, cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1031, 106 S.Ct. 1241, 89 L.Ed.2d 349 (quoting Williams v. Zahradnick (4th Cir.1980), 632 F.2d 353, 361-62) (alteration in original). After assessing the entire record and applying the above factors, we cannot conclude that the error here was harmless.

First, the prosecution used...