Bibbo v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc.

• Decision Date: 05 August 1998
• Docket Number: No. 97-3538,97-3538
• Citation: 151 F.3d 559
• Parties: 36 UCC Rep.Serv.2d 931, Comm. Fut. L. Rep. P 27,433 Randy BIBBO, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. DEAN WITTER REYNOLDS, INC., Defendant-Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Sixth Circuit

Page 559

151 F.3d 559

36 UCC Rep.Serv.2d 931, Comm. Fut. L. Rep. P 27,433

Randy BIBBO, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. DEAN WITTER REYNOLDS, INC., Defendant-Appellee.

No. 97-3538.

United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit.

Argued April 24, 1998.

Decided Aug. 5, 1998.

Robert M. Andersen (argued), Edward W. Cochran (briefed), Cochran & Cochran, Shaker Heights, Ohio, for Plaintiff-Appellant.

Richard A. Rosen (briefed), Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison, New York City, Marvin L. Karp (argued and briefed), Michael N. Ungar (briefed), Ulmer & Berne, Cleveland, Ohio, for Defendant-Appellee.

Dennis A. Klejna (briefed), Tegan M. Flynn, Vinson & Elkins, Washington, DC, for Amicus Curiae.

Before: BATCHELDER and COLE, Circuit Judges; McCALLA, District Judge. ^*

COLE, Circuit Judge.

Plaintiff Randy Bibbo appeals the decision of the district court granting Defendant Dean Witter's motion to dismiss Bibbo's complaint pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6). Bibbo brought an action against Dean Witter, alleging that Dean Witter violated Ohio law when it retained interest earned from its investment of Bibbo's money (referred to as "margin money" or "margin funds"), which was kept on deposit with Dean Witter as a partial guarantee that Bibbo would meet certain obligations under an investment contract. On appeal, we must determine whether a federal regulation, 17 C.F.R. § 1.29 (1986) ("Regulation 1.29"), which permits a Futures Commodities Merchant ("FCM") such as Dean Witter to retain interest earned on customers' margin funds, pre-empts an Ohio statutory provision, O.R.C. § 1309.18 (1996), which requires payment to debtors of any profits earned from collateral held by a secured party. The district court concluded that O.R.C. § 1309.18 is pre-empted by federal law and dismissed Bibbo's complaint. For the following reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

I.

Bibbo was a customer of Dean Witter, a large licensed securities broker and dealer, which maintained a commodities futures account on his behalf. With this account, Bibbo could enter into investment contracts for the purchase or sale of commodities for future delivery ("futures") as a way of speculating on changes in the price of various commodities. ¹

A.

As the facts of this case arise out of the complex world of futures trading, we begin with a brief mention of the background of that industry. Futures trading is conducted on exchanges designated as contract markets by the Commodities Futures Trading Commission ("CFTC"), an independent agency created by Congress in 1974 to exercise exclusive jurisdiction over accounts, agreements, and transactions involving commodities futures contracts traded or executed on a contract market. Commodities Futures Trading Commission Act of 1974, 7 U.S.C. § 2 (1996) (amending Commodity Exchange Act ("CEA"), 7 U.S.C. §§ 1 et seq. (1996)). Futures trades are executed on a customer's behalf by an FCM, such as Dean Witter.

When a customer enters into a futures transaction with an FCM, the customer must deposit a certain amount of margin money with the FCM to cover any losses that the customer may incur by virtue of a change in the price of the commodity. Margin money is similar to a performance bond or earnest money, and is required to ensure that the customer will meet his or her financial obligation under the terms of the futures contract. ² After the investor deposits margin money with the FCM, the FCM is then required to deposit that money with the clearing organization to secure the investor's futures position. Depending on fluctuations in the price of the futures contracts, the investor may be required to deposit additional margin money or may be permitted to withdraw funds from the margin account.

B.

Upon opening his account, Bibbo signed Dean Witter's standardized form contract entitled "Commodity Customer Agreement" (the "Agreement"), which stated in § 1 that:

In all transactions, [Bibbo] shall be bound by all applicable laws, rules and regulations, including the Commodity Exchange Act, as amended, the regulations then obtaining of the Commodities Future Trading Bibbo opted out of a mandatory arbitration clause, but assented to the remaining terms of the Agreement. In § 2 of the Agreement, Bibbo specifically agreed "to maintain original and variation margin, as required by [Dean Witter] at its sole discretion from time to time, in any and all accounts [Bibbo] may at any time carry with Dean Witter." Section 1 of the Agreement incorporated the CFTC's Regulation 1.29. Under the authority of Regulation 1.29, Dean Witter retained the interest earned on Bibbo's margin money, which has been its standard practice with all its customers.

Commission ("CFTC"), and the constitution, rules, regulations, customs, usages, rulings and interpretations then obtaining of the National Futures Association ("NFA") and the exchange or market and clearing house, if any, where transactions are executed.

Bibbo filed this action against Dean Witter in state court alleging that Dean Witter's retention of interest earned from its investment of his (and other customers') ³ margin money violated O.R.C. § 1309.18, which requires secured parties to apply the interest earned by collateral to reduce their debtor's secured obligations. ⁴ The action was subsequently removed to federal court based on diversity jurisdiction.

Thereafter, Dean Witter moved to dismiss Bibbo's complaint pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6). In its motion to dismiss, Dean Witter maintained that: (1) Bibbo's state law claim under O.R.C. § 1309.18 is pre-empted by Regulation 1.29; and (2) O.R.C. § 1309.18 does not apply to the conduct of which Bibbo complains. On May 13, 1997, the district court granted Dean Witter's motion based on pre-emption grounds, without reaching the issue of whether O.R.C. § 1309.18 actually applies in this case. This timely appeal followed.

II.

A district court's decision to dismiss a complaint pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6) is a question of law, which we review de novo. See Sistrunk v. City of Strongsville, 99 F.3d 194, 197 (6th Cir.1996). We must construe the complaint in a light most favorable to the plaintiff, accept his or her factual allegations as true, and determine whether the plaintiff undoubtedly can prove no set of facts in support of his claims that would entitle him to relief. See id.

III.

The sole issue presented by this appeal is whether Regulation 1.29, which allows an FCM to retain interest earned on a customer's margin account, pre-empts O.R.C. § 1309.18 to the extent it may be read to require payment of such interest by the FCM to the customer. ⁵

A.

Bibbo contends that Dean Witter's retention of interest earned on his deposited margin money is in violation of O.R.C. § 1309.18, which provides that "[u]nless the parties otherwise agreed, when collateral is in the secured party's possession ... the secured party may hold as additional security any increase or profits (except money) received from the collateral, but money so received, unless remitted to the debtor, shall be applied in reduction of the secured obligation...."

...." Assuming arguendo that O.R.C. § 1309.18 and its statutorily defined terms actually apply to Bibbo's margin money account, the margin funds deposited with Dean Witter on Bibbo's behalf would be considered "collateral," as defined in O.R.C. § 1309.01 (" 'Collateral' means the property subject to a security interest, and includes accounts and chattel paper which have been sold."), with Dean Witter taking, by contract, a "security interest" in that collateral. Accordingly, if O.R.C. § 1309.18 applies, then any interest or profits received from the investments serving as collateral must be paid to Bibbo (i.e., as the "debtor") or applied in reduction of his secured obligation, unless otherwise agreed by the parties. Therefore, Bibbo contends that Dean Witter violated O.R.C. § 1309.18 by failing to pay him interest earned on his margin money because he never agreed to allow Dean Witter to retain such interest.

In contrast, Dean Witter argues that Regulation 1.29 pre-empts O.R.C. § 1309.18 and allows it to retain any interest earned on Bibbo's margin money because that regulation's express language permits FCMs investing customer margin funds to retain any resulting interest earned on those monies. Regulation 1.29 provides that "[t]he investment of customer funds in obligations described in § 1.25 shall not prevent the futures commission merchant or clearing organization so investing such funds from receiving and retaining as its own any increment or interest resulting therefrom." ⁶ 17 C.F.R. § 1.29.

B.

The pre-emption doctrine arises out of the Supremacy Clause of Article VI of the United States Constitution, which dictates that federal law is the supreme law of the land. See Fidelity Federal Savings and Loan Ass'n v. de la Cuesta, 458 U.S. 141, 153, 102 S.Ct. 3014, 73 L.Ed.2d 664 (1982). In order to determine if federal law pre-empts a state law, we must determine whether Congress intended the statute at issue to have such a pre-emptive effect.

It is well-established that three types of federal pre-emption exist, one express and two implied. ⁷ See Gustafson v. City of Lake Angelus, 76 F.3d 778, 782 (6th Cir.1996). Express pre-emption exists when Congress expresses a clear intent to pre-empt state law in the language of the statute. See Pacific Gas & Elec. Co. v. State Energy Resources Conservation & Dev. Comm'n, 461 U.S. 190, 203, 103 S.Ct. 1713, 75 L.Ed.2d 752 (1983) (citing Jones v. Rath Packing Co., 430 U.S. 519, 525, 97 S.Ct. 1305, 51 L.Ed.2d 604 (1977)). The first type of implied pre-emption, field pre-emption, is implicit where Congress indicates an intent to occupy exclusively an entire field of regulation; we infer that intent, for example, from a federal regulatory scheme that is "so pervasive as to make reasonable the inference that [it] left no room for the States to supplement it." See...