Big Spring v. Blackfeet Tribe of Blackfeet Indian Reservation, 13570
| Citation | 573 P.2d 655,35 St.Rep. 34,175 Mont. 258 |
| Decision Date | 11 January 1978 |
| Docket Number | No. 13570,13570 |
| Parties | William F. BIG SPRING, Sr. and Kathleen R. Big Spring, Plaintiffs and Respondents, v. The BLACKFEET TRIBE OF the BLACKFEET INDIAN RESERVATION, a corporation, Defendant and Appellant. |
| Court | Montana Supreme Court |
Philip E. Roy, Browning, Graybill, Ostrem, Warner & Crotty, Great Falls, Donald L. Ostrem (argued), Great Falls, for defendant and appellant.
Frisbee & Moore, Cut Bank, John P. Moore (argued), Cut Bank, for plaintiffs and respondents.
The Blackfeet Tribe of the Blackfeet Indian Reservation, appeals from a default judgment of $20,000 damages for libel entered against the Tribe by the District Court, Glacier County.
The basis for the libel action was a letter dated March 18, 1974, allegedly written by Earl Old Person, Chairman of the Blackfeet Tribe, to William F. Big Spring, Sr. and Kathleen R. Big Spring. The letter concerned the Big Springs, enrolled members of the Blackfeet Tribe, and it was sent to the Big Springs, as well as to other people outside the reservation.
On March 17, 1976, the Big Springs filed a libel action against the Blackfeet Tribe. The same day, even though the Tribe had not been served with the complaint and summons and had made no appearance, the attorney for Big Springs mailed a request for admissions to the Tribe's attorney, but did not mail a copy of the summons and complaint. On March 22, 1976, the sheriff served Earl Old Person with a copy of the summons and complaint. On April 2, Big Springs' attorney served the Tribe's attorney with a supplemental request for admissions.
The Tribe failed to appear within 20 days of the date of service. 22 days after service, on April 13, 1976, the Big Springs' attorney filed the original sheriff's return on the summons with the clerk of the district court and then made written request for the clerk to enter the Tribe's default. Default was entered the same day.
Three days after entry of default, on April 16, and without receiving notice of the default, the Tribe filed a motion to dismiss the complaint on the grounds that the court lacked jurisdiction over the subject matter (the libel action) and personal jurisdiction over the Tribe. The Tribe mailed a copy of its motion to dismiss to the Big Springs' attorney.
On April 20, with no notice to the Tribe, the Big Springs' attorney filed a written motion to strike the Tribe's motion to dismiss, alleging that the Tribe had no right to file such a motion or to appear after its default had been entered. No authority was cited. On April 21, the trial court granted this ex parte motion and immediately proceeded to hear evidence on the question of liability and damages. Exhibits were introduced and witnesses were sworn and testified. The court took the matter under advisement.
On April 23, the Tribe filed a motion to set aside the default and to quash the summons and dismiss the complaint. The Tribe set out several grounds to set aside the default including that (1) service was not made on the proper person, (2) the tribal chairman had no recollection of ever being served, (3) copies of the complaint and summons could not be found, and (4) the Tribe's attorney had no way of determining the exact day of service because the original summons had not been returned to the clerk of court until the day the default was taken. The Tribe again contended the court had no jurisdiction over the subject matter and over the Tribe. The Tribe stressed that it was appearing specially and not generally.
Two hearings were held on the Tribe's motion to set aside the default and dismiss the complaint. The first hearing was the result of a notice sent by the attorney for the Big Springs on April 29 setting the hearing date for May 5. This notice was deficient under Rules 6(d) and 6(e), M.R.Civ.P., which require a notice of at least eight days if service is made by mail. Neither the Tribe's attorney nor any of defendants were present at the hearing. The court then proceeded with its hearing and received evidence on the question of service of process. Nothing in the record indicates the court ruled on the Tribe's motion to set aside the default, or that a minute entry or other notice was sent to the Tribe's attorney informing him of what proceedings had taken place on that day.
On June 2, 1976, the Tribe's attorney sent notice by mail to the Big Springs' attorney setting a hearing for June 9 on the Tribe's motion to set aside the default. This notice was also deficient under Rules 6(d) and 6(e), M.R.Civ.P., but attorneys for both parties appeared at the hearing and therefore notice here is not at issue. On the date of the hearing, the attorney for the Big Springs filed a motion to quash the Tribe's motion to set aside the default on the grounds that (1) the Tribe had failed to appear at the prior hearings, (2) the Tribe had no right to make any appearances at this point, and (3) the notice was not accompanied by the motion to set aside or by an affidavit. Both attorneys presented their arguments to the court. The District Court judge stated that normally he would set aside the default when a motion or pleading was filed "within a reasonable time" after the 20 day period, such as this case, but concluded:
" * * * but the problem here, of course, is that it (the motion to set aside the default) was set for hearing and you failed to appear and argue the motion."
The court then took the motion under advisement.
On June 29, without ruling directly on the motion to set aside the default, the trial court entered its findings of fact and conclusions of law and awarded the Big Springs $20,000 in damages against the Tribe. Judgment was entered July 6 and on the same day the Big Springs' attorney sent a copy of the judgment and notice of entry of judgment to the Tribe. On July 12, the Tribe moved to set aside the judgment. On July 21, in a short order devoid of reasons, the trial court denied the motion to set aside the judgment. The Tribe appeals from the court's rulings failing to set aside the default and failing to set aside the judgment.
On the basis of the total circumstances surrounding the proceedings in the District Court we conclude the Tribe was denied a meaningful opportunity to appear and be heard. The District Court proceedings reek of a denial of due process and the default judgment and default must be set aside.
Rule 5(f), M.R.Civ.P., states that proof of service The rule, as stated, is unconditional. Here, the attorney for the Big Springs did not return and file the summons with proof of service until 22 days after service on Earl Old Person. Although this late return did not affect the validity of the service for jurisdictional purposes, it did make it difficult for the Tribe's attorney to determine the date of service. Here the summons was returned and filed simultaneously with a motion to take the Tribe's default. It could well be that the failure to return the summons within the time required by the rule could have contributed to the Tribe's failure to appear within the 20 days. Lack of an opportunity to acquire this information, coupled with other circumstances, may be sufficient "good cause" to set aside a default under Rule 55(c), M.R.Civ.P., which states in part:
"For good cause shown the court may set aside an entry of default * * *."
Henceforth, it shall be the duty of all process servers, be it the sheriff or private persons, to strictly comply with Rule 5(f), M.R.Civ.P. It is the duty of the process server to return the summons to the clerk of court within 10 days after service, and this duty shall only be excused under circumstances which constitute "good cause". "Good cause"...
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