Bissessur v. Indiana University Bd. of Trustees

• Decision Date: 11 September 2009
• Docket Number: No. 08-3504.,08-3504.
• Parties: Khem BISSESSUR, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. The INDIANA UNIVERSITY BOARD OF TRUSTEES, et al., Defendants-Appellees.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Seventh Circuit

581 F.3d 599

Khem BISSESSUR, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. The INDIANA UNIVERSITY BOARD OF TRUSTEES, et al., Defendants-Appellees.

No. 08-3504.

United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit.

Argued February 25, 2009.

Decided September 11, 2009.

Gregory P. Gadson (argued), Attorney, Lee, Cossell, Kuehn & Love, Indianapolis, IN, for Plaintiff-Appellant.

Cory Brundage (argued), Attorney, Indianapolis, IN, for Defendants-Appellees.

Before FLAUM, WILLIAMS, and TINDER, Circuit Judges.

WILLIAMS, Circuit Judge.

Khem Bissessur was expelled from the Indiana University School of Optometry after receiving several sub-par grades and failing a clinical rotation. He alleges that he had a protected property interest in a continuing education at the University, which was established in an implied contract between the parties. It is the University's violation of his entitlement to a continuing education, he asserts, that forms the basis for several constitutional claims against the University and its employees. His complaint, however, fails to identify any facts that give the defendants adequate notice of the basis for these claims. The complaint fails to state that the University made any promises to Bissessur or how it entered into a contract with him, implied or otherwise. Therefore, the district court dismissed his complaint for failure to state a claim, and we affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

Khem Bissessur is a former graduate student at the Indiana University School of Optometry. Bissessur alleges that in December 2004, a professor refused to let him take an exam, resulting in him receiving a grade of "incomplete" for the course. That semester, he also received two grades of D+ based on allegedly arbitrary reasons. As a result of these events, the University refused to allow Bissessur to begin his clinical rotations the following semester. After he was allowed to begin, he received a failing grade in one rotation. This failure led to his dismissal from the University, which caused Bissessur to file suit against the University's Board of Trustees and several of its employees.

Bissessur's complaint generally alleges that his professors arbitrarily assigned his grades, that he did not receive proper feedback from his professors or the University regarding his academic progress, and that the University dismissed him without proper notice or a hearing. The complaint contains claims for violations of Bissessur's rights to substantive due process, procedural due process, and equal protection, as well as a claim for breach of implied contract. The district court dismissed this case for failure to state a claim pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), and Bissessur appeals.

II. ANALYSIS

A. Bissessur's Complaint Fails to Allege Sufficient Facts

The district court dismissed all of Bissessur's claims pursuant to the defendants' Rule 12(b)(6) motion. It found that the defendants had qualified immunity with respect to Bissessur's claims for monetary damages. With respect to Bissessur's request for prospective injunctive relief (reinstatement to the University), the district court found that Bissessur did not state a claim upon which relief could be granted. At the heart of its reasoning, the district court found that all of Bissessur's claims failed because he did not establish that he had a cognizable protected interest in a continuing education at Indiana University.¹

A graduate student does not have a federal constitutional right to a continued graduate education. See Williams v. Wendler, 530 F.3d 584, 589 (7th Cir.2008). That said, given that the "basic legal relation between a student and a private university or college is contractual in nature," a student may establish that an implied contract existed between himself and the university that entitled the student to a specific right, such as the right to a continuing education or the right not to be suspended without good cause. Ross v. Creighton Univ., 957 F.2d 410, 416 (7th Cir.1992) (citation and quotation omitted). The "catalogues, bulletins, circulars, and regulations of the institution made available to the matriculant may become a part of the contract." Id. A right established by an implied contract between a student and a university can be a property interest subject to constitutional protection, id., but to receive such protection, the student must first show that the implied contract establishes an entitlement to a tangible continuing benefit, see Bd. of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 574, 92 S.Ct. 2701, 33 L.Ed.2d 548 (1972). In order to establish this type of entitlement, the student must "point to an identifiable contractual promise that the [university] failed to honor." Id.; Gordon v. Purdue Univ., 862 N.E.2d 1244, 1248 (Ind.App.Ct.2007). Absent evidence of such a specific promise, the court will not participate in "second-guessing the professional judgment of the University faculty on academic matters." Ross, 957 F.2d at 415.

The district court correctly concluded that Bissessur failed to point to any specific promise that the University made which established that Bissessur might have had an entitlement to a continuing education, or any other such entitlement. So, the court dismissed his claims. On appeal, Bissessur does not challenge the district court's solid analysis. Instead, he argues that the district court erred by dismissing his claims at the motion to dismiss stage. He maintains that his complaint contained enough information to state a claim for breach of implied contract (which established his property interest in a continuing education at the University), requiring the court to allow discovery to commence. He further alleges that the specific promises establishing his entitlement to a continuing education would be unearthed during discovery in various bulletins and flyers that had been posted around campus during Bissessur's tenure at the University.

Specifically, Bissessur argues that the following passage of his complaint, under our notice pleading standards, is enough to allow his claims to survive a motion to dismiss:

Count II: Breach of Implied Contract

36. An implied contract existed between Bissessur and IU.

37. IU breached the implied contract that existed between Bissessur and IU.

38. IU's actions were arbitrary, capricious, and undertaken in bad faith.

This argument is without merit. Under the standard set forth in Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007) and affirmed in Ashcroft v. Iqbal, ___ U.S. ___, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009), Bissessur's complaint fails to contain enough information to state a legally cognizable claim. In Twombly, the Supreme Court held that a complaint stating only "bare legal conclusions," even under notice pleading standards, is not enough to survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion. Id. at 547, 127 S.Ct. 1955. While a complaint attacked by a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss does not need detailed factual allegations, a plaintiff has the obligation to provide the factual "grounds" of his entitlement to relief (more than "mere labels and conclusions"), and a "formulaic recitation of a cause of action's elements will not do." Id. The complaint must contain "enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face" and also must state sufficient facts to raise a plaintiff's right to relief above the speculative level. Id. at 557, 127 S.Ct. 1955; Tamayo v. Blagojevich, 526 F.3d 1074, 1084 (7th Cir.2008). A claim has facial plausibility "when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged." Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. at 1949. This said, in examining the facts and matching them up with the stated legal claims, we give "the plaintiff the benefit of imagination, so long as the hypotheses are consistent with the complaint." Sanjuan v. Amer. Bd. of Psychiatry and Neurology, Inc., 40 F.3d 247, 251 (7th Cir.1994) (citations omitted).

Twombly "teaches that a defendant should not be forced to undergo costly discovery unless the complaint contains enough detail, factual or argumentative, to indicate that the plaintiff...