Blackledge v. Font

• Decision Date: 23 March 2007
• Docket Number: No. 2006 CA 1092.,2006 CA 1092.
• Parties: Bennett BLACKLEDGE, Bonnie Jill Blackledge, for and on Behalf of Their Minor Child, Brooks Blackledge v. Jackie FONT and Peggy Font, Liberty Mutual Fire Insurance Company, Victor Vidaurre and Debbie Vidaurre, for and on Behalf of Themselves and Their Minor Child, Jason Vidaurre, and Safeco Insurance Company of America.
• Court: Court of Appeal of Louisiana — District of US

960 So.2d 99

Bennett BLACKLEDGE, Bonnie Jill Blackledge, for and on Behalf of Their Minor Child, Brooks Blackledge v. Jackie FONT and Peggy Font, Liberty Mutual Fire Insurance Company, Victor Vidaurre and Debbie Vidaurre, for and on Behalf of Themselves and Their Minor Child, Jason Vidaurre, and Safeco Insurance Company of America.

No. 2006 CA 1092.

Court of Appeal of Louisiana, First Circuit.

March 23, 2007.

Felix A. DeJean, IV, Linda L. Lynch, Baton Rouge, for Plaintiffs-Appellants, Bennett Blackledge, Bonnie Jill Blackledge, and Brooks Blackledge.

Patrick F. Robinson, C. Frank Holthaus, Baton Rouge, for Defendants-Appellees, Jackie Font, Peggy Font, and Liberty Mutual Insurance Company.

Andrew W. Eversberg, Baton Rouge, for Defendants, Victor Vidaurre, Debbie Vidaurre, and Safeco Ins. Co. of America.

Before: CARTER, C.J., WHIPPLE, and McDONALD, JJ.

CARTER, C. J.

Plaintiffs, a teenage boy and his parents (the Blackledges), appeal from a trial court ruling granting summary judgment in favor of defendants, Jackie and Peggy Font (the Fonts) and Liberty Mutual Insurance Company (Liberty Mutual), dismissing their claims arising from an incident in which Brooks Blackledge was injured in an altercation with another teenage guest at the Fonts' residence.¹ For the following reasons, we affirm.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On May 23, 2002, a group of teenagers finished their high school final exams and gathered at the Fonts' home with their teenage son, Kevin Font, for an end-of-year party. Even though Mr. and Mrs. Font planned to work away from their house on the day of the gathering, they believed that Kevin and his friends were mature enough to be at their home without adult supervision, so they gave their permission for Kevin to have a group of three or four teenagers come to their house mid-morning after exams. Mrs. Font was due home from work that day at her usual time of 1:00 p.m. It is undisputed that the Fonts had never experienced or witnessed any violence from any teenager at their home before the day of this party.

One of the teenagers invited to the Font's house was Jason Vidaurre, who had just finished his junior year along with Kevin. Kevin and Jason had been friends since the first grade, and Jason had previously been to the Fonts' home. Both Kevin and Jason knew a freshman friend of Jason's brother, Brooks Blackledge. It is undisputed, however, that Kevin's parents did not know Brooks or Brooks' parents, and Brooks was not one of the teenagers that the Fonts had given express permission for Kevin to have at their house after the exams that day. Nevertheless, unbeknownst to the Fonts, Brooks' mother, Bonnie Jill Blackledge, transported Brooks and four of his friends to the Fonts' house for the party after exams. Mrs. Blackledge was under the mistaken impression (from the representation of one of the teenagers that she was transporting, David Albus) that Mrs. Font was present at the house for the party. Notwithstanding Mrs. Blackledge's strong belief that it is irresponsible to leave a child at an unsupervised home where she does not know the parents, at no time did she verify the presence of Mrs. Font, and she did not meet with or speak to Mr. or Mrs. Font regarding adult supervision for the party.

Throughout the morning, more teenagers arrived at the party and Kevin allowed all of them to stay. At one point, Jason threw Brooks in the Fonts' swimming pool and he ran through parts of the Fonts' house without clothing. Even though Kevin was aware of this rowdy behavior, he never asked any of the teenage guests to leave the party, because he did not perceive that there was any trouble.

Around noon, before Mrs. Font arrived home from work, Kevin and Jason (the juniors) and David and Brooks (the freshman) decided to play a game of two-on-two basketball (juniors versus freshman) in the Fonts' driveway. The game was competitive and physically rough, with heated words and "trash talk" being exchanged. The juniors did not want to lose to the younger team. After approximately 15 minutes of play, while Brooks was aggressively guarding and reaching around Jason as they both tried to grab the basketball, Jason suddenly dropped the ball, pushed Brooks off of his back, and swung his fist around his body into Brooks' face. Jason's movement was so quick and unexpected that neither of the other two teenagers, David or Kevin, had time to react or attempt to stop Jason's violent act. Brooks immediately fell to the ground, hitting his head on the concrete. He began to tremble and he lost consciousness. As a result of the hit and fall, Brooks sustained a serious head injury. By the time that Mrs. Font arrived home from work at 1:00 p.m., Brooks had been taken to his mother, Mrs. Blackledge, who took him to the hospital. Mrs. Font did not learn about Brooks' injury until an hour or so later. As a result of this incident, Jason served nine months on supervised probation for second-degree battery.

The Blackledges filed suit against the Fonts and their homeowner's insurer, Liberty Mutual, on May 22, 2003. The Fonts and Liberty Mutual answered and then filed a motion for summary judgment, maintaining that the Blackledges could not meet their burden of proof regarding any duty to supervise owed by the Fonts, or that the alleged breach of duty was the cause-in-fact of Brooks' injury since it was the result of Jason's sudden and unforeseen criminal act. After a hearing on October 24, 2005, the trial court ruled in favor of the Fonts and Liberty Mutual, granting summary judgment and dismissing the Blackledges' demands. The Blackledges appealed, arguing that the trial court erred (1) in granting the motion for summary judgment, (2) in finding no duty to protect and supervise the teenagers, and (3) in finding the incident was unforeseeable and could not have been prevented even with supervision.

LAW AND ANALYSIS

An issue of negligence or fault can be decided on a motion for summary judgment, provided that the evidence leaves no relevant, genuine issue of fact, and reasonable minds must inevitably conclude that the mover is entitled to judgment based on the facts before the court. Smith v. Our Lady of the Lake Hosp., Inc., 93-2512 (La.7/5/94), 639 So.2d 730, 752; Cates v. Beauregard Elec. Co-op., Inc., 328 So.2d 367, 370 (La.1976), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 833, 97 S.Ct. 97, 50 L.Ed.2d 98 (1976). In Lemann v. Essen Lane Daiquiris, Inc., 05-1095 (La.3/10/06), 923 So.2d 627, 632-633, the Supreme Court summarized the applicable legal principles regarding summary judgment and duty-risk analysis as follows:

Appellate courts review summary judgments de novo under the same criteria that govern the district court's consideration of whether summary judgment is appropriate. A court must grant a motion for summary judgment "if the depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to material fact, and that the mover is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." LSA-C.C.P. art. 966(B). The summary judgment procedure is favored under our law. LSA-C.C.P. art. 966(A)(2). Paragraph C(2) of Article 966, which reads as follows, is especially pertinent in the instant case:

The burden of proof remains with the movant. However, if the movant will not bear the burden of proof at trial on the matter that is before the court on the motion for summary judgment, the movant's burden on the motion does not require him to negate all essential elements of the adverse party's claim, action, or defense, but rather to point out to the court that there is an absence of factual support for one or more elements essential to the adverse party's claim, action, or defense. Thereafter, if the adverse party fails to produce factual support sufficient to establish that he will be able to satisfy his evidentiary burden of proof at trial, there is no genuine issue of material fact. (Emphasis supplied in original.)

Because the applicable substantive law determines materiality, whether a particular fact in dispute is material can be seen only in light of the substantive law applicable to the case. The dutyrisk analysis is the standard negligence analysis employed in determining whether to impose liability under LSA-C.C. art. 2315. This approach provides an analytical framework for evaluation of liability. One analysis requires proof by the plaintiff of five separate elements: (1) the defendant had a duty to conform his conduct to a specific standard (the duty element); (2) the defendant's conduct failed to conform to the appropriate standard (the breach element); (3) the defendant's substandard conduct was a cause in fact of the plaintiff's injuries (the cause-in-fact element); (4) the defendant's substandard conduct was a legal cause of the plaintiff's injuries (the scope of liability or scope of protection element); and (5) the actual damages (the damages element). A negative answer to any of the inquiries of the duty-risk analysis results in a determination of no liability.

A threshold issue in any negligence action is whether the defendant owed the plaintiff a duty. Whether a duty is owed is a question of law. In deciding whether to impose a duty in a particular case, the court must make a policy decision in light of the unique facts and circumstances presented. The inquiry is whether the plaintiff has any law (statutory, jurisprudential, or arising from general principles of fault) to support the claim that the defendant owed him a duty.

(Case citations omitted.)

Louisiana law is clear that there is no duty to protect against or control the actions of a third party that causes physical injury to another unless a special relationship exists to give rise to such a duty. Beck v. Schrum, 41,647 (La.App. 2 Cir. 11/1/06), 942 So.2d 669, 672; Corley v. Delaney, 92-899 (La.App. 3 Cir. 12/15/93), 629 So.2d 1255, 1258, writs denied, 94-0481, 94-0636 (La.4/22/94), 637 So.2d 156...