Blake v. Berman, 88-1545

• Decision Date: 11 January 1989
• Docket Number: No. 88-1545,88-1545
• Citation: 877 F.2d 145
• Parties: Albert J. BLAKE, Plaintiff, Appellant, v. Louis M. BERMAN, et al., Defendants, Appellees. . Heard
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — First Circuit

Page 145

877 F.2d 145

Albert J. BLAKE, Plaintiff, Appellant, v. Louis M. BERMAN, et al., Defendants, Appellees.

No. 88-1545.

United States Court of Appeals First Circuit.

Heard Jan. 11, 1989.

Decided June 12, 1989.

William Hewig III with whom Gaston & Snow, Boston, Mass., was on brief, for plaintiff, appellant.

Andrew M. Zaikis, Asst. Atty. Gen., Criminal Bureau, with whom James M. Shannon, Atty. Gen., Boston, Mass., was on brief, for defendants, appellees.

Before COFFIN and BREYER, Circuit Judges, and PETTINE, ^* Senior District Judge.

BREYER, Circuit Judge.

The appellant, Albert Blake, a prisoner in the Massachusetts state prison system, sued the Commissioner and the Acting Commissioner of Corrections under 42 U.S.C. Secs. 1983 and 1985, claiming that they had deprived him of his constitutional right of "access to the courts." See Bounds v. Smith, 430 U.S. 817, 97 S.Ct. 1491, 52 L.Ed.2d 72 (1977). A jury found that the defendants had not done so, stating specifically (in response to questions) that neither defendant had "denied" the plaintiff "access to the courts" and that, in any event, they had not "caused" the plaintiff "injury." Blake appeals, solely on the ground that the evidence so strongly favored his claim that the district court ought to have directed a verdict, or granted a judgment notwithstanding the verdict, in his favor. We have reviewed the evidence, keeping in mind that "we must uphold the jury's verdict unless the evidence and accompanying inferences 'point so strongly and overwhelmingly in favor of the movant that a reasonable jury could not have arrived at [the] conclusion' actually reached." Ins. Co. of North America v. Musa, 785 F.2d 370, 372 (1st Cir.1986) (citation omitted); accord Dopico-Fernandez v. Grand Union Supermarket, 841 F.2d 11, 12 (1st Cir.1988). We conclude that the record evidence adequately supports the jury's determination.

We take as given the following background facts: (1) In 1976 Blake began to serve a long prison term (for the state-law crime of armed robbery) at Walpole prison in Massachusetts. (2) In 1980, for reasons not directly relevant here, Massachusetts transferred Blake to a federal penitentiary in Leavenworth, Kansas. (3) During his stay at Leavenworth, Blake wished to bring legal actions in the Massachusetts courts concerning the conviction for which he was serving time and the good-time credits he felt were due him. (4) In late 1982 Blake was returned to Massachusetts to continue serving his sentence. (5) The law libraries to which prisoners at Leavenworth have direct access do not possess adequate sets of Massachusetts legal materials. (6) Prisoners at Leavenworth, including Blake, have access to the Kansas Defender Project ("KDP"), a clinical program of the University of Kansas School of Law, which provides them with legal assistance.

We also take the basic legal standard governing this appeal to be the standard set forth by the Supreme Court in Bounds v. Smith, supra, and by this court in Cepulonis v. Fair, 732 F.2d 1 (1st Cir.1984): An inmate in prison has a constitutional right of access to the courts through " 'adequate law libraries or adequate assistance from persons trained in the law,' not both." Cepulonis, 732 F.2d at 6 (emphasis in original) (quoting Bounds, 430 U.S. at 828, 97 S.Ct. at 1498).

With this background, one can understand why we find two independent bases for upholding the verdict. First, the jury might have found that Blake had "adequate assistance from persons trained in the law" in the form of access to the Kansas Defender Project. The record permits the jury to conclude that the KDP, through the use of law students, teachers, and lawyers, would provide inmates with legal counseling and representation and that (as KDP's director testified) it would "attempt to assist all inmates who had legally remedial [sic] claims and were otherwise unable to get counsel." Tr. at 2-40. Blake was aware of this program, contacted it seeking assistance, and (the jury might have found) was denied assistance only because he did not specify the nature of his legal problem.

Blake argues that the KDP was constitutionally inadequate because it used a "screening process," agreeing to assist with only some complaints while declining others. The law, however, does not forbid "screening," nor does case law hold, or suggest, that the presence of "screening" automatically transforms a constitutionally adequate program of legal assistance into a program that fails to pass muster. In our view, everything depends upon the kind of screening that is at issue. Where, for example, the "screening" at issue consisted of prison authorities' refusal to transmit prisoners' habeas corpus petitions to a court, the Supreme Court, not surprisingly, held that the authorities had interfered with the prisoners' constitutional right of access. Ex parte Hull, 312 U.S. 546, 549, 61 S.Ct. 640, 641, 85 L.Ed. 1034 (1941). But where the "screening" consisted of a legal aid organization's decisions about which inmate cases are appropriate for court-appointed counsel, and which for private counsel, the Tenth Circuit found no constitutional deficiency. Nordgren v. Milliken, 762 F.2d 851, 855 (10th Cir.1985).

The jury here might have accepted the KDP Director's own characterization of the "screening process," namely "that we would not prepare documents for an inmate that we thought were frivolous," Tr. at 2-41 (emphasis added). This type of screening, in our view, would not automatically make unconstitutional an otherwise adequate program. To the contrary, in Carter v. Fair, 786 F.2d 433 (1st Cir.1986), we said that one characteristic of an adequate assistance program was that "attorneys in the program do help inmates sort out potentially meritorious claims from those without a foundation." Id. at 435. And Justice Marshall, writing for the Supreme Court in Bounds, pointed out that one of the virtues of providing inmates with "independent legal advisors" is that such "advisors," furnished to prisoners as an alternative to law libraries,

can mediate or resolve administratively many prisoner complaints that would otherwise burden the courts, and can convince inmates that other grievances against the prison or the legal system are ill-founded, thereby facilitating rehabilitation by assuring the inmate that he has not been treated unfairly.

430 U.S. at 831, 97 S.Ct. at 1500 (footnote omitted). To require a prison system, as an alternative to law libraries stocked with the reporters of fifty states and the federal system, to furnish lawyers to help inmates file frivolous claims would sometimes place the lawyer in something of an ethical dilemma, see Fed.R.Civ.P. 11; ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct, Rule 3.1 (1983); Cann, Frivolous Lawsuits--the Lawyer's Duty to Say "No", 52 U.Colo.L.Rev. 367 (1981), and would waste scarce legal resources by crowding out those whose claims are not frivolous. As long as those providing legal assistance are properly identifying frivolous cases, we are not perturbed by such "screening." Nothing in the record here suggests that the KDP's...