Blake v. Dunn Farms, Inc., 1280S431

Citation274 Ind. 560,413 N.E.2d 560
Decision Date05 December 1980
Docket NumberNo. 1280S431,1280S431
Parties, 21 A.L.R.4th 123 Robert Alan BLAKE, Appellant, v. DUNN FARMS, INC., Appellee.
CourtSupreme Court of Indiana

Kennerk, Dumas, Burke, Backs, Long & Salin, P. C., Fort Wayne, Robert E. Bostwick, Wabash, for appellant.

Howard J. DeTrude, Jr., Mark D. Gray, Peter G. Tamulonis, Kightlinger, Young, Gray & DeTrude, Indianapolis, for appellee.

ON PETITION TO TRANSFER

PIVARNIK, Justice.

This case comes to us on a petition to transfer from the Second District Court of Appeals. Plaintiff Robert Blake appealed from a summary judgment entered in favor of Defendant Dunn Farms, Inc. The primary issue in the case was the duty of the landowner to persons on an adjacent public road, particularly as that duty applies to the ownership and keeping of domestic animals. In addition, a procedural issue was raised on appeal and is presented to us here on transfer regarding the fact that the judgment by the trial court purported to be a judgment on the pleadings as set forth in Ind.R.Tr.P. 12(C). Rule 12(C) provides that when matters other than those in the pleadings are considered by the trial court, the determination is then transformed into a summary judgment. The judgment was so considered by the Court of Appeals. This case remained in the trial court in various pleading stages for approximately four years. Plaintiff Robert Blake had filed a motion for summary judgment early on in the proceedings, and the court overruled the motion at that time. After the case was set for trial and the issues had been established early by the pleadings, the defendant filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings under Trial Rule 12(C). All parties agreed that the court could consider the pleadings, depositions, affidavits and interrogatories filed by the parties to determine this motion. The court did consider all of these documents in making its determination, and entered judgment in favor of the defendant. We agree with the Court of Appeals that under Trial Rule 12(C), the court, in considering the depositions, affidavits, and interrogatories, treated the motion as one for summary judgment and entered judgment accordingly; therefore, the case is properly reviewed on appeal on that basis. We further find that this case presents an issue of such public import that this Court should pass judgment on it. We accordingly grant transfer and vacate the opinions of the Court of Appeals. This vacation applies to the original opinion issued by the Court of Appeals on November 5, 1979, Blake v. Dunn Farms, Inc., (1979) Ind.App., 396 N.E.2d 415 and the opinion on Petition for Rehearing issued on January 22, 1980, Blake v. Dunn Farms, Inc., Ind.App., 399 N.E.2d 431.

There is not a great deal of dispute on the facts of this case. Plaintiff Blake was a passenger in an automobile which struck a horse at night. The accident occurred on a portion of a state highway running through Dunn's land. Plaintiff was severely injured and brought action against Love, the owner of the horse, and Dunn Farms, the landowner. The complaint alleged that Dunn and Love were negligent in allowing the fences to fall into a state of disrepair, and that Dunn and Love were negligent in permitting a horse to run on the state right-of-way and highway.

Dunn Farms was a family-owned corporation, the officers residing in Arizona. The farm manager and attorneys for the corporation were located in Marion, Indiana, and these agents supervised the leasing of the property. In about 1969, Robert McConnell rented the house, barn, and the property on both sides of the highway. Seventeen acres of the property were on the west side of State Highway Fifteen, and the remaining property, including the house and barn, was on the east side of the highway. Along with other farming endeavors, McConnell kept horses in the pasture fields. In June, 1971, McConnell and Love agreed that Love would pasture his horses in the west pasture. Love maintained horses and ponies in the west pasture during 1971 and 1972, including the date of the incident herein, November 21, 1972. Love claims he paid cash rent to McConnell and performed services in exchange for the right to pasture his animals.

In March, 1972, McConnell and his wife were divorced. He vacated the property, and Mrs. McConnell stayed on as the lessee and made a new agreement with Love, under which he paid additional rent and performed certain services. In June, 1972, Mrs. McConnell married Clarence Auler, and she and her new husband lived on the property as lessees until August 28 or 29, 1972. She paid rent to Dunn Farms through October, 1972. Dunn Farms and the Aulers were unable to agree upon a lease, and the Aulers left the property on that date. Apparently Love continued to maintain his horses and ponies in the west pasture.

One or more of the stockholders and officers made occasional trips to Indiana for business purposes. They were in Marion twice in 1969, and in October, 1970, and August, 1972. The president and secretary of Dunn Farms came to Indiana on November 18, 1972, and went to the property on that day and each succeeding day, to and including the day of November 21, 1972, when this accident occurred. Their purpose for being on the property was to clean up the buildings and make arrangements to find a new renter for the property. There was evidence that, in their trips to the house and building area, one or more of the owners (Dunns) saw some horses in the fields.

The summary judgment entered by the trial court here was based on Dunn Farms' contention that a landowner who is neither the owner not custodian of a horse cannot be held liable for injury caused by the alleged escape and running at large of such horse. The court reasoned that mere ownership of land cannot serve as a basis for liability. The uncontroverted evidence showed that Dunn Farms was neither the owner nor the custodian of the horse in question, had no material relation to such horse, and had no material relation to the owner-keeper of such horse. Although there was evidence that Love's horses had been out or the pastures before, there was no evidence that Dunn Farms' owners had any knowledge of these incidents.

The keeper of an animal has the duty and responsibility to provide for the restraining and confinement of that animal. Those cases which have been presented with this issue were, in fact, decided on the basis of this responsibility for the keeping and confinement of the animal. See, e. g., Thompson v. Lee, (1980) Ind.App., 402 N.E.2d 1309. In Corey v. Smith, (1954) 233 Ind. 452, 120 N.E.2d 410, this Court followed that rule of law in affirming a judgment against defendant Corey. Corey had rented a black angus bull from Harvey Case, who was also named as a defendant in the lawsuit. While Corey had the bull in his possession, it escaped its enclosure and was on and about the highway adjacent to the land. There was evidence that Corey knew of this and yet did not cause the bull to be removed from the highway and safely returned to its enclosure. The bull was struck by the plaintiff's vehicle, and the accident and damages resulting to her were therefore found to be Corey's responsibility. A directed verdict was entered for Case at the close of the plaintiff's evidence. The court found that Corey was responsible for the damage caused to plaintiffs because of his negligence in allowing the angus bull under his care to run at large, noting that it was not essential to plaintiff's cause of action to establish that the anus was vicious or had a propensity to attack automobiles. "He could have been gentle as a cat or dog, yet seven hundred pounds of black animal on a black-top state highway constituted a menace in the nighttime to the traveling public." Id. at 456, 120 N.E.2d at 412. Notably, there was a statute in effect in Indiana at that time that provided for a criminal penalty for any person owning or harboring horses, mules, cattle, sheep, goats or swine, to permit such animals to roam at large upon the highways of the State or to feed upon or pasture upon the lands of another. Corey's violation of this statute was found to be negligence per se in Smith's action against him. Today the law in Indiana states that "A person responsible for a domestic animal who recklessly permits the animal to run at large commits a class B misdemeanor." Ind. Code § 15-2.1-21-8 (Burns 1980 Supp.).

Thus, it is the duty of the owner and the keeper of the animal to keep him confined, and the mere possession or ownership of land from which an animal strays is not sufficient to make the landowner liable, so long as the landowner is not the keeper of such animal. This is and has always been the law in Indiana. See Cook v. Morea, (1870) 33 Ind. 497. If the landowner is...

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