Bloch v. United States

• Decision Date: 21 November 1952
• Docket Number: No. 22,Docket 22389.,22
• Citation: 200 F.2d 63
• Parties: BLOCH v. UNITED STATES.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Second Circuit

200 F.2d 63 (1952)

BLOCH v. UNITED STATES.

No. 22, Docket 22389.

United States Court of Appeals Second Circuit.

Argued October 16, 1952.

Decided November 21, 1952.

Myles J. Lane, U. S. Atty., New York City, Lawrence G. Greene, Asst. U. S. Atty., New York City, of counsel, for defendant-appellant.

Arthur Weissbarth, New York City, for plaintiff-appellee.

Shearman & Sterling & Wright, New York City, Thomas P. Ford, New York City, of counsel, for amicus curiæ Eterpen Financiera Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada (formerly Eterpen, S.A.)

Before AUGUSTUS N. HAND, CHASE, and CLARK, Circuit Judges.

AUGUSTUS N. HAND, Circuit Judge.

This is an appeal by the United States from a summary judgment for the plaintiff granting the latter's claim for tax refunds for the years 1944, 1945 and 1946, D.C., 102 F.Supp. 457. The question raised by the appeal is whether an agreement governing certain patent rights, dated April 29, 1935, constituted a mere license agreement with the payment of royalties, or a sale. If the former, the plaintiff would clearly be taxable under § 211(a), 26 U.S.C.A.¹

The taxpayer, a non-resident alien who was a citizen and resident of Germany, not engaged in business in the United States, owned in partnership with two other persons certain patents issued by the United States, Great Britain, Germany and Czechoslovakia. These patents were issued in the name of the taxpayer who held them as trustee for the benefit of all of the partners. On April 29, 1935, the partnership entered into an agreement with Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation of Newark, New Jersey, under which it granted to the latter an exclusive "license" to "make, use, exercise and vend" all kinds of thermometers, thermostats and temperature measuring instruments and parts thereof in accordance with the United States patents throughout the United States, its territories and possessions. The Weston Corporation paid royalties for the use of the patent, and paid to the United States government withholding taxes based upon the taxpayer's share of the royalties which, for the years in question, were as follows:

                1944 1945 1946
                  Share of royalty ........ $5,718.02   $6,525.50   $8,091.28
                  Tax withheld ............ $1,715.40   $1,957.50   $2,427.38
                

The taxpayer filed refund claims for the taxes withheld. The claims were rejected by the Commissioner on November 7, 1949, and this action was commenced on June 28, 1950.

Under the agreement above referred to Weston was to pay the partners $75,000, of which $40,000 was to be paid at the time of execution of the contract. At certain periodic intervals Weston was to pay a "royalty" made up of stipulated amounts or percentages on varying types of thermometers, but after 1935 the minimum annual payment was to be $25,000, and the percentages were to be reduced as total royalty payments reached stated amounts. The agreement further provided that as soon as the $35,000 payable in excess royalties had been liquidated, future royalties should be reduced to amounts specified in the contract. Weston also agreed not to "sell or assign in any manner whatsoever the entire license" without the partners' written consent; the partners were to "have the right of first refusal to repurchase the license for themselves." In addition the agreement provided that the partners would not without Weston's written consent "make, use, exercise or vend" any such thermometers in the United States or its territories and possessions, or license anyone else to do so; that should Weston default in its covenants under the contract, the partners could "terminate the license" whereupon Weston's rights thereunder would "cease and terminate"; that upon Weston's notice to the partners of its decision to discontinue making the thermometers, the agreement would end; and that if, for three consecutive years, the total annual "royalties" of $25,000, although paid by Weston, exceeded the earned amount under the percentage terms of the agreement, the partners could cancel the agreement. In the event of any infringement being brought to the notice of the partners, they were to take necessary steps to stop such infringement, the cost of legal proceedings to be equally shared and the decision to take such proceedings to be by mutual agreement. The partners, who were to pay all renewal fees, retained the right to exploit the patents outside of the United States. Any improvements or further inventions made by Weston with respect to the patent were required to be disclosed to the partners and might be patented by them in their name. Further, Weston agreed not to raise any question as to the validity of the patent. Appended to the agreement and separately executed, is a "Schedule" reciting that "by this deed * * * and in pursuance of the within agreement" the partners grant to Weston "full, sole and exclusive license and authority to make, use, exercise and vend thermometers" under the patent for its duration in the United States and its territories and possessions.

In determining whether the plaintiff is taxable under § 211(a) we must be guided by the opinion of the Supreme Court in Commissioner of Int. Rev. v. Wodehouse, 337 U.S. 369, 69 S.Ct. 1120, 93 L.Ed. 1419. That opinion indicates that in § 211(a) the Revenue Act of 1936 preserves the taxability of certain kinds of income of nonresident alien individuals which had been previously subject to withholding at the source. The court said that "the legislative history shows that Congress was seeking to continue to tax, and even to increase the tax upon, those kinds of income which had been found to be readily withholdable at their respective sources. Accordingly, what Congress did was to incorporate the very langage of the withholding provisions of § 143(b) into the language of the taxing § 211(a)." 337 U.S. at page 391, 69 S.Ct. at page 1130. Consequently we must inquire as to whether the payments in question here would have been properly withheld under § 143(b) prior to the Revenue Act of 1936. We think that they properly would have been so withheld because we do not believe that there was a sale of the patent for tax purposes as regards the royalties arising out of its future use. Waterman v. Mackenzie, 138 U.S. 252, 11 S.Ct. 334, 34 L.Ed. 923, decided the procedural question as to who are indispensable parties in an infringement suit. Different considerations were obviously involved, and the court's statement as to what constitutes an assignment of title to a patent is not necessarily controlling in the field of taxation. If there had been a provision under the contract with Weston for lump sum payments even though made annually or periodically in the future, the applicable ruling of the Treasury² would seem to treat the payments as instalments on the sales price. But such payments as were to be made here, varying according to sales of the patented product, would seem to be essentially royalties. They were treated as such in 1944, 1945 and 1946 when Weston withheld the tax. We would only exempt lump sum payments made on account of a purchase price, but not such royalties as were involved here. There seems to be no doubt that the lump sum payment of $40,000 made here was not subject to withholding when made and not taxable as a royalty, See Parke, Davis & Co. v. Commissioner, 31 B.T.A. 427, Acq. XIV-1 C.B. 15, but that the royalties from which the tax was withheld in 1944, 1945 and 1946 fall within a different category. Our conclusion is reinforced by the evident purpose of the Revenue Act of 1936 to impose a tax readily collectible because of the ease in withholding from periodic payments at the source. Commissioner of Int. Rev. v. Wodehouse, 337 U.S. 369, 388, 69 S.Ct....