Bloomfield Steamship Co. v. Sabine Pilots Ass'n

• Decision Date: 14 February 1959
• Docket Number: No. 17210.,17210.
• Citation: 262 F.2d 345
• Parties: BLOOMFIELD STEAMSHIP COMPANY et al., Appellants, v. SABINE PILOTS ASSOCIATION et al., Appellees.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Fifth Circuit

262 F.2d 345 (1959)

BLOOMFIELD STEAMSHIP COMPANY et al., Appellants, v. SABINE PILOTS ASSOCIATION et al., Appellees.

No. 17210.

United States Court of Appeals Fifth Circuit.

January 9, 1959.

Rehearing Denied February 14, 1959.

Robert Eikel, M. L. Cook, Houston, Tex., John G. Tucker, Orgain, Bell & Tucker, Beaumont, Tex., Royston, Rayzor & Cook, Houston, Tex., for appellants.

Clarence S. Eastham, Houston, Tex., Jep S. Fuller, Port Arthur, Tex., J. P. Forney, Jr., Houston, Tex., Fuller & Fuller, Port Arthur, Tex., Eastham, Dale & Forney, Houston, Tex., for appellees.

Before RIVES and TUTTLE, Circuit Judges, and WRIGHT, District Judge.

J. SKELLY WRIGHT, District Judge.

Appellants are owners and operators of ocean-going steamships engaged in commerce between foreign ports and the port of Beaumont, Texas. In their libel against the Sabine Pilots Association, and the individual members thereof, they seek to recover the difference in pilotage fees actually charged for piloting services to their vessels entering the port of Beaumont and what they say is the maximum charge allowed by statute.¹ The defense to the claim is that the statutory maximum applies only for piloting services as far as Port Arthur, and that vessels continuing up the Sabine Waterway to Beaumont may be charged an additional fee. We hold that the statutory maximum applies from sea to any port in the state, and that no additional pilotage charge may be legally assessed, except for moving a vessel further after she has arrived at a port of entry.

The Constitution of the United States empowers the Congress "To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States." Art. I, § 8, cl. 3. Pursuant to the power, Congress, in 1789,² granted to the several states the right to regulate pilotage "Until further provision is made by Congress." No further provision of importance was made by Congress in this area until the Act of February 28, 1871 which provided, and still provides, that "* * * and in no case shall the fees charged for the pilotage of any steam vessel exceed the customary or legally established rates in the State where the same is performed." 46 U.S.C.A. § 215. We are asked to determine whether defendants have been violating this congressional command by the exaction of pilotage fees in excess of the maximum established by state law.

Jurisdiction of the district court is predicated on 28 U.S.C. § 1337. That statute gives the court jurisdiction of any "proceeding arising under any Act of Congress regulating commerce." Contrary to the contention of appellees, a jurisdictional minimum amount in controversy is neither provided nor required.³ The Texas statute which we must interpret is Article 8274 of the Revised Civil Statutes of the State of Texas which provides, in pertinent part: "The rate of pilotage, * * *, on any class of vessels shall not, in any port of this State * * * exceed Six ($6.00) Dollars for each foot of water which the vessel at the time of piloting draws * * *." Originally the statutory maximum was $3.00. In 1866 it was increased to $4.00, in 1951 to $5.00 and in 1955 to $6.00, the present maximum.

When this maximum was first set by the Texas Legislature, Sabine Pass was the only port of consequence in the Sabine area. By cutting connecting canals, a major waterway serving numerous ports to the sea has been developed. Sabine Pass is 6 miles from the sea, Port Arthur is 19.1 and Beaumont is 48.4. In order to reach Beaumont, it is necessary to pass through Sabine Pass and Port Arthur. Under the Revised Civil Statutes of Texas,⁴ the Board of Commissioners of Pilots for the Sabine District has regulatory powers over pilotage in the Sabine area, including the setting of rates. In its first schedule of rates published in 1928, this Board set a charge of $4.00 per draft foot to Sabine Pass, $4.50 to Port Arthur and later $5.00 to Beaumont. The Statutory maximum at the time was $4.00. In 1951 after the statutory maximum was raised to $5.00, the Board raised the rate to Port Arthur to $5.00, to Beaumont $6.00 to $8.00, depending on the gross tonnage of the vessel. In 1955, after the statutory maximum had been increased to $6.00 per draft foot, the Board set the pilot rates to Port Arthur at $6.00 and to Beaumont $7.00 to $9.50, depending on gross tonnage of the vessel.

It is significant that in its 1955 schedule, the Board, instead of showing the rates as applicable from sea to the named port, as was done in prior schedules, showed a rate from sea to Port Arthur equaling the statutory maximum, and then showed additional charges from Port Arthur to ports above on the Waterway. This change in language was probably prompted by an opinion of the Attorney General of Texas, dated May 20, 1955 and addressed to the Board, stating that "Your Board, therefore, is limited by the aforesaid Article to an allowance of $6.00 for each port which is visited by the vessel." The opinion goes on to say, however, that "We are of the opinion that the statutes mean that if, for example, a vessel was piloted into the port of Port Arthur, a charge of $6.00 per foot could be allowed; and if the vessel then was piloted to Beaumont, an additional $6.00 per foot charge could be allowed." It is noted that the Attorney General's opinion apparently indicates that an additional charge may be made, provided the vessel puts into Port Arthur before proceeding on to Beaumont. If that is what the Attorney General intended, there would be no problem with appellants here because they agree that, once a vessel puts into a port, an additional fee may be charged for moving her farther, either in that port or to another port. Their point is, however, that if the vessel proceeds from sea directly to Beaumont, for example, without stopping en route, the statutory maximum applies. Appellees, and the Port Commissioners, say that the maximum applies only as far as Port Arthur and that an additional charge may be assessed for pilotage to ports above that city.

The fact that Congress has seen fit to allow the several states to regulate pilotage in their ports should not be construed to mean that the national government has no interest in this important area affecting commerce with other nations. Quite the reverse is true. Congress has felt since the founding of this nation that her foreign commerce would best be served by state regulation of pilotage, subject, however, to certain safeguards which Congress itself may from time to time impose. The Act of February 28, 1871⁵ was one of these safeguards. By passing this Act, Congress said to the states that only "customary or legally established rates" for pilotage may be exacted and, by 28 U.S.C. § 1337, Congress imposed upon the federal judiciary responsibility for interpreting state law to determine whether the rates being charged were legally established. United States v. Bellingham Bay Boom Company, 176 U.S. 211, 20 S.Ct. 343, 44 L.Ed. 437. We proceed then to a consideration of the state statute establishing a maximum rate in an effort to determine whether the exactions in suit are in compliance therewith.

The text of the statute is clear and unambiguous. It states as plainly as language can that the rate of pilotage "on any class of vessels shall not, in any port of this state * * * exceed Six ($6.00) Dollars for each foot of water which the vessel at the time of piloting draws * * *." It makes no reference whatever to Port Arthur or any other named port. But counsel for appellees argue that the true interpretation of this statute lies, not in its language, but in its legislative history. Since no committee reports or legislative record, other than the statute itself, are available to assist in...