Boudreau v. Wal-Mart Stores

• Decision Date: 11 April 2001
• Docket Number: WAL-MART,No. 00-2273,00-2273
• Citation: 249 F.3d 715
• Parties: (8th Cir. 2001) CHRIS S. BOUDREAU; PLAINTIFF/APPELLEE, v.STORES, INC.; DEFENDANT/APPELLANT. Submitted:
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit

Page 715

249 F.3d 715 (8th Cir. 2001)

CHRIS S. BOUDREAU; PLAINTIFF/APPELLEE, v. WAL-MART STORES, INC.; DEFENDANT/APPELLANT.

No. 00-2273

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

Submitted: April 11, 2001

Filed: May 1, 2001

Appeals from the United States District Court for the Western District of Arkansas.

Before Bye and Beam, Circuit Judges, and Melloy, ¹ District Judge.

Melloy, District Judge.

Defendant-Appellant Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., appeals the district court's ² denial of its motion for judgment as a matter of law following a jury verdict in favor of Plaintiff-Appellee Chris S. Boudreau in his negligence action. We affirm.

I.

At the time of his injury, Boudreau was an employee of Wal-Mart's distribution center in Benton County, Arkansas. On September 23, 1998, during his regular work hours, Boudreau purchased a dolly from Wal-Mart's charitable donation program. Wal-Mart uses the program to dispose of surplus or discontinued merchandise by selling such merchandise to its employees and then donating the proceeds to charity. Wal-Mart promotes its charitable works and receives corporate good will from such programs.

After purchasing the dolly, Boudreau was granted permission to take the dolly to his car for storage. In order to get to his car, Boudreau had to bring the dolly down a flight of five steps. Boudreau fell as he attempted to descend the stairs. No one saw the fall but it was captured on a surveillance videotape of relatively poor quality. When colleagues came to his aid, Boudreau informed them that he had "slipped" on the stairs. Boudreau and several others noticed spots of water on the stairs -- the size of quarters or fifty-cent pieces. Boudreau broke his kneecap in the fall.

The central issue at trial was what caused Boudreau's fall. To support his "slip and fall" theory, Boudreau presented testimony and documentation from Wal-Mart employees regarding water on the steps before and after Boudreau's fall. Wal-Mart's theory of the case was that, while descending the stairs, Boudreau picked up the dolly with one hand, causing it to swing around the side of his body and clip him in the back of the leg. To this end, Wal-Mart argued that the surveillance videotape incontrovertibly demonstrates that Boudreau caused his own fall. The jury viewed the original videotape plus two versions altered to enlarge the image and slow the speed.

The jury found Wal-Mart negligent and awarded Boudreau $100,000. Wal- Mart's post-trial motions were denied. In this appeal, Wal-Mart raises two points of error: (1) the district court erred in denying its motion for judgment as a matter of law because the surveillance video proves that Boudreau's fall was not caused by water on the steps; and (2) the district court erred in submitting to the jury the question of whether Boudreau was a licensee or invitee at the time of the accident because a ruling by the Arkansas Workers' Compensation Commission preclusively determined that Boudreau was not an invitee.

II.

A. Denial of Wal-Mart's Motion for Judgment as a Matter of Law

In reviewing a trial court's denial of a motion for judgment as a matter of law, this Court must: (1) resolve direct factual conflicts in favor of the non-movant, (2) assume as true all facts supporting the non-movant which the evidence tended to prove, (3) give the non-movant the benefit of all reasonable inferences, and (4) affirm the denial of the motion if the evidence so viewed would allow reasonable jurors to differ as to the conclusions that could be drawn. Heating & Air Specialists, Inc. v. Jones, 180 F.3d 923, 932 (8th Cir. 1999) (citing Hastings v. Boston Mutual Life Ins. Co., 975 F.2d 506, 509 (8th Cir. 1992)). The non-movant is not, however, entitled to "the benefit of unreasonable inferences, or those at war with the undisputed facts." Larson v. Miller, 76 F.3d 1446, 1452 (8th Cir. 1996), quoted in Heating & Air Specialists, 180 F.3d at 932. "A mere scintilla of evidence is inadequate to support a verdict, and judgment as a matter of law is proper when the record contains no proof beyond speculation to support the verdict." Id. (citation omitted); accord Concord Boat Corp. v. Brunswick Corp., 207 F.3d 1039, 1050 (8th Cir.) ("A motion for judgment as a matter of law should be granted if, when considering the evidence in this manner, 'without weighing the credibility of the witnesses, there can be but one reasonable conclusion as to the verdict.'") (quoting McGreevy v. Daktronics, Inc., 156 F.3d 837, 840 (8th Cir.1998)), cert. denied, ___U.S.___, 121 S. Ct. 428 (2000).

Keeping in mind this standard of review, we conclude that the district court did not err in denying Wal-Mart's motion for judgment as a matter of law. Boudreau testified that he felt his left foot slip out from under him just before falling. Numerous Wal-Mart employees testified as to water spots on the steps prior to and after Boudreau's fall. Wal-Mart's accident report documents the accident cause as water on the stairs which created an unsafe condition. This evidence supports Boudreau's slip and fall theory and must be assumed as true.

Because substantial evidence supports the jury verdict, Wal-Mart's motion should have been granted only if, as it asserts, the videotape incontrovertibly proves the accuracy of its version of the accident. In that respect, we first note that the jury viewed the videotape in all its permutations numerous times and apparently concluded that it did not contradict the other evidence in Boudreau's favor. Upon our review of the videotapes, we agree that it does not provide the incontrovertible proof that Wal- Mart asserts. While the videotape captures Boudreau falling, it does not unequivocally capture the cause of the fall. The quality and lighting were such that reasonable viewers could disagree as to what they were seeing. Boudreau may or may not have clipped himself in the back of the leg with the dolly. If he did, it may or may not have been because his left foot slipped on water. Accordingly, the jury was entitled to give the videotape whatever weight it deemed appropriate and we cannot say that the plaintiff's verdict in this case was "at war with the undisputed facts."

B. Submission of Invitee/Licensee Issue to Jury

Under Arkansas law, the owner of property owes a lesser duty to a licensee than to an invitee. Over Wal-Mart's objection, the district court instructed the jury that it must decide whether Boudreau was a licensee or an invitee. In the jury instructions, the district court explained the distinction as follows:

A licensee is a person who goes upon the premises of another with the consent of the owner for his own purposes and not for the mutual benefit of himself and the owner and not for a purpose connected with the business which the owner conducts. . . . An invitee is a person who goes upon the premises of another for a purpose connected with the owner's business or for a purpose mutually beneficial to himself and the owner and by the invitation of the owner. The invitation may be express or may be implied from the circumstances under which the person enters the premises.

Trial Transcript, Vol. 2-72. Thus, the distinction between an invitee and a licensee turns on whether the person who goes upon the premises of another serves the interests of the premises owner, or only his own interests.

Because Boudreau's injury occurred at his place of employment during work hours, he was required by Arkansas law to first file...