Bradford v. Huckabee

• Decision Date: 10 January 2005
• Docket Number: No. 03-2972.,03-2972.
• Citation: 394 F.3d 1012
• Parties: Randall R. BRADFORD, Plaintiff — Appellee, v. Mike HUCKABEE, Individually and as Governor of the State of Arkansas, et al., Defendants — Appellants.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit

394 F.3d 1012

Randall R. BRADFORD, Plaintiff — Appellee, v. Mike HUCKABEE, Individually and as Governor of the State of Arkansas, et al., Defendants — Appellants.

No. 03-2972.

United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit.

Submitted: September 17, 2004.

Filed: January 10, 2005.

Timothy Gauger, argued, Assistant Attorney General, Little Rock, AR (Mike Beebe, Anthony W. Black, Lori Freno, and Milton Fine, on the brief), for appellant.

James G. Schulz, argued, Little Rock, AR, for appellee.

Before LOKEN, Chief Judge, BEAM and BYE, Circuit Judges.

LOKEN, Chief Judge.

Randall Bradford resigned from his policy-making position as Executive Chief Information Officer ("ECIO") of the State of Arkansas. Bradford's letter to Governor Mike Huckabee stated that the resignation would be effective two weeks later, as Bradford intended to criticize the Governor's administration to the press and to the legislature while still serving as ECIO. Not surprisingly, Governor Huckabee instead made the resignation effective immediately. Bradford then commenced this action against Huckabee, three members of the Governor's staff, and the Director of the Arkansas Department of Information Systems. The complaint asserts numerous claims for injunctive, declaratory, and damage relief under state and federal law, including § 1983 damage claims alleging that Bradford was constructively discharged in violation of his First Amendment free speech rights as a public employee. Defendants appeal the district court's denial of their motion to dismiss these § 1983 claims on qualified immunity grounds. Concluding that Bradford has failed to state § 1983 claims under the First and Fourteenth Amendments, we reverse.

I. Background

Created by statute in 2001, the ECIO is appointed by and serves at the will of the Governor, Ark.Code § 25-33-103(a), and has broad responsibilities, including to formulate and promulgate "policies ... for information technology in the state," to develop "legislation and rules and regulations affecting electronic records management," to develop "information technology security policy for state agencies," and to "[a]dvise state agencies in acquiring information technology service." Ark.Code Ann. § 25-33-104(a). Bradford was appointed by Governor Huckabee in October 2001. He was the first person to hold the ECIO position.

As relevant here, Bradford's 54-page complaint alleges that he was "retaliated against for attempting to communicat[e] with or report to State Legislators having oversight," and was "stripped of his authority and reprimanded" for attempting to comply with his statutory duty "to interface with and report to the legislature and provide them with legislative oversight." Consequently, Bradford alleges, he "resigned as a result of being constructively discharged." The complaint supports these allegations by attaching a number of e-mail messages between Bradford and the Governor's staff between January and April 2002. In these messages, staff criticized Bradford for "cozying up to the legislators" he had invited to a committee meeting, and warned Bradford to "be careful about involving the [legislature] in your meetings" because "[i]nviting them into the process blurs the lines of responsibility in state government." The complaint also includes Exhibit Q, a copy of Bradford's June 13, 2002 resignation letter, in which he stated:

Unfortunately, I have concluded that I must resign ... for professional reasons. I do not believe that the current working environment within your staff is conducive to effective management.... In order to be effective, I would need to be allowed to work in a collaborative environment, with a spirit of cooperation, with my Information Technology Oversight Committee and the Joint Committee for Advanced Communications and Information Technology.¹ Those relationships have been strained by your staff's attempts to restrict communication to the point that my office cannot be as effective as it should be.... I am giving two weeks' notice effective today....

Upon receiving the letter, Governor Huckabee sent Bradford a notice terminating his employment "effective 12:00 noon today, June 13, 2002." The complaint alleges that Bradford "intended to make a statement to the press and to the legislature [after tendering his resignation]. As a result of his intended speech, Mr. Bradford was terminated two weeks early."

Defendants moved to dismiss portions of the complaint under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. In an initial order, the district court recited that defendants contended they are entitled to qualified immunity from Bradford's § 1983 damage claims, but the court denied the motion to dismiss those claims without discussing the qualified immunity issue. Defendants appealed the interlocutory order, and we remanded because we lacked jurisdiction absent a qualified immunity determination. Bradford v. Huckabee, 330 F.3d 1038 (8th Cir.2003). On remand, the district court held that the defendants are not entitled to immunity because "Bradford's right to speak about matters of public administration over which he had supervision certainly outweigh[s] any interest defendants could assert in keeping the information from the legislature and the public." We review de novo the denial of a motion to dismiss on the basis of qualified immunity. To prevail at this stage of the proceedings, defendants must show that they are entitled to qualified immunity on the face of the complaint. Hafley v. Lohman, 90 F.3d 264, 266 (8th Cir.1996), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1149, 117 S.Ct. 1081, 137 L.Ed.2d 216 (1997). The exhibits Bradford attached to his complaint are part of the complaint for this purpose. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 10(c); Meehan v. United Consumers Club Franchising Corp., 312 F.3d 909, 913 (8th Cir.2002).

II. Discussion

Qualified immunity protects public officials from § 1983 damage actions if "their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known." Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982). "[T]he better approach to resolving cases in which the defense of qualified immunity is raised is to determine first whether the plaintiff has alleged a deprivation of a constitutional right at all." County of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833, 841 n. 5, 118 S.Ct. 1708, 140 L.Ed.2d 1043 (1998); see Domina v. Van Pelt, 235 F.3d 1091, 1096 (8th Cir.2000).

It is now well established that "[a] State may not condition public employment on an employee's exercise of his or her First Amendment rights." O'Hare Truck Serv., Inc. v. City of Northlake, 518 U.S. 712, 717, 116 S.Ct. 2353, 135 L.Ed.2d 874 (1996). But public employees do not have an unlimited First Amendment right to say what they please, even on issues of great public importance. For example, "the Governor of a State may appropriately believe that the official duties of various assistants who help him write speeches, explain his views to the press, or communicate with the legislature cannot be performed effectively unless those persons share his political beliefs and party commitments." Branti v. Finkel, 445 U.S. 507, 518, 100 S.Ct. 1287, 63 L.Ed.2d 574 (1980). As w...