Bradley v. Philip Morris, U.S.A.

• Decision Date: 06 November 1985
• Docket Number: No. 0090-84,0090-84
• Citation: 336 S.E.2d 515,1 Va.App. 141
• Parties: Thomas E. BRADLEY v. PHILIP MORRIS, U.S.A. and Twin City Fire Insurance Company. Record
• Court: Virginia Court of Appeals

Page 515

336 S.E.2d 515

1 Va.App. 141

Thomas E. BRADLEY v. PHILIP MORRIS, U.S.A. and Twin City Fire Insurance Company.

Record No. 0090-84.

Court of Appeals of Virginia.

Argued April 9, 1985.

Decided Nov. 6, 1985.

Brock Matthews, Richmond, for appellant.

A.W. VanderMeer, Jr., Richmond, (Hunton & Williams, Richmond, on brief), for appellee.

Present: BAKER, BENTON, and DUFF, JJ.

BENTON, Judge.

This appeal grows out of an application filed by Thomas E. Bradley, the claimant, with the Industrial Commission alleging an injury by industrial accident on November 7, 1983, arising out of and in the course of his employment by Philip Morris, USA. The deputy commissioner found for the claimant and ordered an award. The full Commission on review reversed, holding that the claimant had failed to prove by a preponderance of the evidence the occurrence of an industrial accident arising out of and in the course of his employment. This appeal followed.

Claimant states the issue here to be whether "it is necessary for an employee to establish with precision the time or particular physical activity which caused his injury?" In every worker's compensation case the claimant must prove: (1) an injury by accident, (2) arising out of and (3) in the course of his employment. Code § 65.1-7; Richmond Memorial Hospital v. Crane, 222 Va. 283, 285, 278 S.E.2d 877, 878 (1981); Baggett Transportation Co. v. Dillon, 219 Va. 633, 636, 248 S.E.2d 819, 821 (1978). The Commission concluded that the claimant failed to prove the first two elements under Code § 65.1-7-injury by accident arising out of his employment.

The claimant is a floor sweeper at employer's manufacturing plant. He has no set duties and performs various jobs around the plant at the direction of his supervisor. Late at night on November 7, 1983, the claimant began his work shift stocking towels in the restrooms. At 2:00 a.m., the claimant's supervisor told him to move several barrels of scrap metal from one end of the plant to another and to unload the scrap metal from the barrels to a scrap bin. The barrels were approximately three feet high, on rollers, and very heavy. After moving the barrels a substantial distance across the plant the claimant unloaded the scrap metal into trash bins by reaching into the barrels to remove the metal. He had to upset several barrels in order to dump the remaining scrap metal into the receptacle.

During his lunch break, several hours after he had first begun moving the barrels, the claimant felt pain in his back while attempting to get up from a sitting position. He reported to the employer's plant nurse, who applied ice packs to his back. The claimant went to work the following two days and visited the nurse each day. At the end of his work shift on the morning of November 10, he saw the employer's plant physician, who made a notation that the claimant had a back strain. The doctor instructed the claimant not to work until he could be seen again the following week.

Dr. E.L. Clements examined the claimant on November 30, 1983. In his report, Dr. Clements indicated that a physical examination "was totally negative", that "X-rays reveal no abnormality," and that the claimant had suffered a back injury two years earlier. The report went on to state that the claimant "has a very nebulous history of onset beginning on the 7th of November when he had to work 'harder than usual'." After completing an outpatient exercise program, the claimant returned to work on January 3, 1984, with Dr. Clements' release.

In order to establish an "injury by accident," a claimant must prove "an identifiable incident that occurs at some reasonably definite time" which causes "an obvious sudden mechanical or structural change in the body." Lane Co. v. Saunders, 229 Va. 196, 199, 326 S.E.2d 702, 703 (1985); Virginia Electric and Power Co. v. Cogbill, 223 Va. 354, 356, 288 S.E.2d 485, 486 (1982); see Badische Corp. v. Starks, 221 Va. 910, 275 S.E.2d 605 (1981); Virginia Electric and Power Co. v. Quann, 197 Va. 9, 87 S.E.2d 624 (1955). The "injury by accident" formulation affirmed by the Supreme Court most recently in Saunders and Kraft Dairy Group, Inc. v. Bernardini, 229 Va. 253, 329 S.E.2d 46 (1985) (per curiam), has three components: (1) an identifiable incident; (2) a sudden mechanical or structural change in the body; and (3) a causal connection between the incident and the bodily change.

A claimant must satisfy each part of the "injury by accident" test. The mere occurrence of an injury, standing alone, although it may be unexpected in the sense that all misfortunes are unexpected, cannot be viewed as necessarily the result of an accident. A claimant now must make an objective showing of an identifiable incident or sudden precipitating event to which an injury may be related causally. Saunders, 229 Va. at 199, 326 S.E.2d at 703. Under this first element of the Saunders test, the claimant must identify "the injury with a movement made or action taken at a particular time at work." Starks, 221 Va. at 913, 275 S.E.2d at 606.

The evidence in this case is uncontradicted that the claimant engaged in work activity on the morning of November 8 that was not typical of his usual duties. Although the record does not state the weight of the barrels or scrap metal within the barrels, the claimant's testimony is clear and uncontradicted that the activity is one that usually is performed by two employees. A disciplinary report adverse to the claimant buttresses his testimony by stating that he "had [a] very difficult time trying to push or pull scrap metal parts can" and that he "almost turned it over because of the excessive weight."

The record adequately supports the deputy commissioner's finding that the claimant was engaged in work activity that was both strenuous and unlike his normal duties....