Breed v. Insurance Co. of North America
Citation | 413 N.Y.S.2d 352,46 N.Y.2d 351 |
Parties | , 385 N.E.2d 1280, 4 A.L.R.4th 1246 Henry E. BREED et al., Respondents, v. INSURANCE COMPANY OF NORTH AMERICA, Appellant. |
Decision Date | 27 December 1978 |
Court | New York Court of Appeals |
The basic issue here is whether an insurance policy, which excludes from its coverage theft "of property * * * by any tenant of the described premises", is clear and unambiguous.
Defendant insurer, through an agent related to plaintiffs, issued to the latter a homeowners policy for a continuous period commencing October 11, 1972. It contained section one relating to "Dwelling and Personal Property", section two in respect to "Comprehensive Personal Liability", a number of provisos applicable to the entire policy, a face sheet and three endorsement pages. Part I of section one, dealing with "Coverages", listed four categories of protection: "A, Dwelling", "B, Private Structure", "C, Unscheduled Personal Property", and "D, Additional Living Expense (Expenses Occasioned by Loss)." Thereafter it was provided that "(t)heft" of property described under "Coverage C" was one of the perils insured against, subject to exclusions contained in the policy (section one, part II, item 8). In this respect, the policy read:
In turn, the face sheet stated: . (Emphasis supplied.)
On January 26, 1973 a sizable number of articles of personal property belonging to plaintiffs were stolen from their dwelling on their said premises in the Town of Brunswick. There is no dispute but that the theft was committed by a tenant, Anthony Matarazzo, who at the time was renting an apartment in the carriage house, located on the parcel, some 80 feet distant from the dwelling. This action was instituted to recover the value of the personal property taken. Special Term granted summary judgment to defendant, and the Appellate Division, by a divided court, reversed, granted summary judgment to plaintiffs and remitted to Special Term for assessment of damages. Defendant now appeals, pursuant to CPLR 5601 (subd. (d)), from the final judgment of Supreme Court, Rensselaer County, in favor of plaintiffs and against defendant in a stated sum, bringing up for review the interlocutory order of the Appellate Division.
Well recognized is the general rule that ambiguities in an insurance policy are to be construed against the insurer, particularly when found in an exclusionary clause (see Thomas J. Lipton, Inc. v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 34 N.Y.2d 356, 361, 357 N.Y.S.2d 705, 708, 314 N.E.2d 37, 39). But, in attempting to reach a conclusion embracing recovery under this policy, plaintiffs would have this court find as a minor premise that there is actually such an ambiguity here. The obvious flaw in such reasoning is that there is no uncertainty in the germane terms of the policy. Rather, if a tenant of the "described premises" steals property, the loss is not covered; the "described premises", as outlined in the policy, equal the entire property of plaintiffs at the location listed; and, therefore, since the theft at issue was committed by a tenant residing on plaintiffs' property, the theft is not covered.
The majority at the Appellate Division conceded that "it is clear that the general provisions of section I of the policy covers all structures on the 'described premises' (coverage A and B of section I)" * (57 A.D.2d, p. 33, 393 N.Y.S.2d p. 461). This being so and without more, the theft is excluded from the policy coverage under the express language of paragraph A(2) of part IV of section one: "This policy does not insure against loss or damage: A. caused by theft: * * * 2. of property by any relative of the Insured or by any tenant of the described premises." Since Matarazzo, who pleaded guilty to the crime, was a tenant of the apartment in the carriage house, a structure on the described premises, the theft is excluded and plaintiffs may not recover.
Plaintiffs urge, however, that it is unclear whether said exclusionary language of the policy exempts from coverage a theft by a tenant of the residence only or tenant of either the residence or an appurtenant structure on the described premises. It is argued that the doubt is caused by the policy definition of "residence premises", which includes appurtenant structures, and the claimed absence of any policy definition of described premises. The simple answer is that the term "residence premises" does not appear in the exclusion, and that therefore the phrase bears no relevance to our inquiry. The definition would be applicable to other policy provisions where the expression appears, which provisions, incidentally, do not call for exclusion . Furthermore, the "described premises", although not appearing under a definitional heading, are in reality and for all purposes defined by the characterization and demarcation contained on the face sheet.
"It is axiomatic that a contract is to be interpreted so as to give effect to the intention of the parties as expressed in the unequivocal language employed" (Morlee Sales Corp. v. Manufacturers Trust Co., 9 N.Y.2d 16, 19, 210 N.Y.S.2d 516, 518, 172 N.E.2d 280, 282). Obviously, before the rules governing the construction of ambiguous contracts are triggered, the court must first find ambiguity in the policy (Hartigan v. Casualty Co. of Amer., 227 N.Y. 175, 180, 124 N.E. 789, 790). But here there is no ambiguity since the words in the paragraphs of the policy under examination have a definite and precise meaning, unattended by danger of misconception in the purport of the policy itself, and concerning which there is no reasonable basis for a difference of opinion (see Loch Sheldrake Assoc. v. Evans, 306 N.Y. 297, 305, 118 N.E.2d 444, 448; Midkiff v. Castle & Cooke, 45 Hawaii 409, 368 P.2d 887; London & Lancashire Ind. Co. of Amer. v. Barron Fuel Co., 31 F.Supp. 599, 600; see, also, 30 Am.Jur.2d, Evidence, § 1069). This court may not make or vary the contract of insurance to accomplish its notions of abstract justice or moral obligation, since "(e) quitable considerations will not allow an extension of the coverage beyond its fair intent and meaning in order to do raw equity and to obviate objections which might have been foreseen and guarded against" (Weinberg & Holman v. Providence Washington Ins. Co., 254 N.Y. 387, 391, 173 N.E. 556, 557; see 1 Couch, Insurance (1929), § 184, p. 376).
Lastly, plaintiffs point to the "split" in Judges and in courts and even to the combined judicial and legal experience of those who have reviewed this matter and arrived at different results. They conclude from these statistics that the instant exclusionary clause must perforce be ambiguous. Such an approach was rejected long ago in Hartigan v. Casualty Co. of Amer., 227 N.Y. 175, 124 N.E. 789, Supra wherein this court observed at pages 179-180, 124 N.E. at page 790: ...
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