Breeding ex rel. Breeding v. Hensley, Record No. 982449.

• Decision Date: 17 September 1999
• Docket Number: Record No. 982449.
• Court: Virginia Supreme Court
• Parties: Melinda BREEDING, an Infant by Her Next Friend and Mother, Linda BREEDING, et al. v. William Edward HENSLEY, et al.

519 S.E.2d 369

258 Va. 207

Melinda BREEDING, an Infant by Her Next Friend and Mother, Linda BREEDING, et al. v. William Edward HENSLEY, et al.

Record No. 982449.

Supreme Court of Virginia.

September 17, 1999.

Michael R. Munsey (Arrington, Schelin & Herrell, on briefs), Grundy, for appellants.

John L. Cooley (Wooten & Hart, on brief), Roanoke, for appellees.

Present: All the Justices.

COMPTON, Justice.

Generally, this case is about the law of public nuisances. Specifically, the case is about how a demurrer to an amended motion for judgment must be considered. Because of the disposition we make of the demurrer issue, we must also consider the application of Code § 8.01-222, which deals with notice to be given cities and towns of claims for damages for negligence.

In 1993, appellant Melinda Breeding, an infant suing by her mother as next friend, filed this action against appellees William Edward Hensley and the Town of Lebanon. In a two-count motion for judgment, the plaintiff alleged she was injured on September 13, 1991 when she collided with a portion of a trash dumpster while riding her bicycle.

In Count I, she alleged that the Town, acting through its employee Hensley, while collecting garbage, had negligently placed the dumpster so that it protruded into the right of way of the public street upon which she was travelling. In Count II, incorporating the allegations of Count I, she alleged the obstruction of the street was a public nuisance. She further alleged that, as a proximate result of the defendants' wrongful acts, she was entitled to recover damages.

Subsequently, the trial court ruled that collection of garbage by a municipality is a governmental function. Applying the doctrine of municipal immunity, the court dismissed Count I of the motion for judgment that was based upon ordinary negligence. At that time, the court refused to dismiss the nuisance count.

Later, the infant's mother, appellant Linda Breeding, was added as a party plaintiff. She sought recovery of medical expenses incurred and to be incurred in the future on behalf of the child.

Subsequently, the plaintiffs filed an amended Count II to the motion for judgment. Following discovery, the infant plaintiff later filed a second motion for judgment, naming the Town and appellees Giles Wolfe and Paul Hess as defendants. The plaintiff alleged Wolfe and Hess were Town employees who were also involved in placing the dumpster at the site in question. The trial court then ordered that the second motion for judgment be consolidated with the original motion for judgment and that the actions proceed as one case.

Following argument of counsel during two hearings in 1998, the trial court sustained demurrers and a special plea that had been filed by the defendants. Upon the demurrers, the court ruled that the plaintiffs' allegations of nuisance in amended Count II of the original motion for judgment and in the second motion for judgment were "deficient." Upon the special plea, the court ruled that notice to the Town of the accident was "defective." We awarded plaintiffs this appeal from an August 1998 order dismissing the consolidated cases.

Before embarking upon an analysis of the issues in this appeal, a comment on the state of the appellate record is necessary. The litigation has been pending for more than six years. The manuscript record of the two cases contains 913 pages, excluding exhibits, reports of experts, and transcripts of depositions and hearings. The record contains extensive discovery material and affidavits of witnesses. We mention this glut of information in a matter decided on the pleadings to point up the fact that the record contains a profusion of facts that are not included in the plaintiffs' motions for judgment. Yet the parties on brief argue the issues as if all the facts outside the pleadings are properly before this Court; they are not.

Therefore, we must focus upon only the pleadings' factual allegations. "A demurrer admits the truth of all material facts properly pleaded. Under this rule, the facts admitted are those expressly alleged, those which fairly can be viewed as impliedly alleged, and those which may be fairly and justly inferred from the facts alleged." Rosillo v. Winters, 235 Va. 268, 270, 367 S.E.2d 717, 717 (1988).

In the plaintiffs' amended Count II, all the factual allegations from the original Count II (which expressly incorporated by reference most of the factual allegations of original Count I) were not included. Under these circumstances, another rule impacting consideration of demurrers becomes pertinent. When an amended motion for judgment, or amended count thereof, is filed and a comparison of the original and amended pleading shows that the amended motion for judgment, or amended count, was intended as a substitute for the original, the case stands as though the original had never been filed, so far as it relates to the statement of facts. Trotter v. E.I. Dupont de Nemours and Co., 124 Va. 680, 682-83, 98 S.E. 621, 622 (1919). See Washington-S. Ry. Co. v. Cheshire, 109 Va. 741, 743, 65 S.E. 27, 28 (1909).

In the present case, due to the variance between the respective allegations, it is apparent that the plaintiffs intended amended Count II as a substitute for original Count II. Hence, in order to determine whether the allegations of public nuisance are sufficient to withstand demurrer, we shall examine only the facts asserted in amended Count II and in the second motion for judgment.

Because the demurrer admits all well-pleaded facts, we shall recite them as if they are true. A public right of way named Gilmer Avenue Extension is located within the Town's limits. Real estate used and maintained by the Russell County Department of Social Services adjoins the right of way. The Department owned a large trash dumpster that was located on the edge of its property adjoining Gilmer Avenue.

Defendants Hensley, Wolfe, and Hess, in their capacities as employees of the Town, by use of a garbage truck, "placed the aforesaid dumpster, in the position it was located on the evening of September 13, 1991." This allegation is susceptible to two meanings: It could mean that the dumpster was placed there on September 13 or it could mean that the dumpster had been placed there at some unspecified time before September 13 and had remained there to the time of the accident. On demurrer, the latter inference must be accepted as fact because it is more favorable to plaintiffs by showing a degree of permanency to the condition. It is noted that the original motion for judgment, now abandoned, alleges Hensley placed the dumpster at the site on September 13.

Continuing, the location of the dumpster within the right of way caused a dangerous and hazardous condition not authorized by law with respect to the lawful use of Gilmer Avenue. Before and on September 13, the defendants allowed the dumpster to extend into the street where it obstructed and impeded the public's entitlement to the full and free use of all the territory embraced within the street.

In the alternative, the plaintiffs alleged that, if the condition described was authorized by law, the conduct of the defendants in placing the dumpster where it was located on September 13 constituted negligence on their part.

In the "evening" of September 13, the infant plaintiff, while riding her bicycle in a westerly direction on Gilmer Avenue, physically struck a portion of the dumpster, which extended into the right of way. As a result, the plaintiffs were damaged.

The first question on appeal is whether the allegations of amended Count II and of the second motion for judgment sufficiently set forth a public nuisance claim. We hold that the allegations are sufficient to withstand demurrer.

Any unauthorized obstruction that unnecessarily impedes the lawful use of a public street is a public nuisance at common law. City of Richmond v. Smith, 101 Va. 161, 166, 43 S.E. 345, 346 (1903). But a public nuisance is restricted to a condition that is "dangerous and hazardous in itself," Taylor v. City of Charlottesville, 240 Va. 367, 372, 397 S.E.2d 832, 835 (1990). It must prevail "at all times and under all circumstances," Price v. Travis, 149 Va. 536, 547, 140 S.E. 644, 647 (1927), but not in "absolute perpetuity." Smith, 101 Va. at 168, 43 S.E. at 347. More than sporadic or isolated conditions must be shown; the interference must be "substantial." City of Newport News v. Hertzler, 216...