Brewster v. CIR

• Decision Date: 21 November 1972
• Docket Number: No. 71-1485.,71-1485.
• Citation: 473 F.2d 160
• Parties: Anne Moen Bullitt BREWSTER, Appellant, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — District of Columbia Circuit

473 F.2d 160 (1972)

Anne Moen Bullitt BREWSTER, Appellant, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE.

No. 71-1485.

United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit.

Argued September 20, 1972.

Decided November 21, 1972.

Rehearing Denied January 23, 1973.

Mr. Michael Mulroney, Washington, D. C., with whom Mr. Thomas E. Jenks, Washington, D. C., was on the brief, for appellant.

Mr. Loring W. Post, Atty., Tax Div., Dept. of Justice, for appellee.

Before LEVENTHAL, ROBINSON and ROBB, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

Taxpayer, a citizen of the United States, was a bona fide resident during the taxable years 1956-1960 of Ireland, where she engaged in the business of farming, raising cattle, and breeding, training and racing horses, in which both her personal services and capital were income-producing factors. She is therefore governed by Section 911 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, relating to earned income from sources without the United States.¹

The gross income taxpayer received in Ireland from her farming business was exceeded each year by the farm expenses incurred there, resulting in a net farm loss. On her tax returns, appellant did not exclude any portion of her gross farm income as "earned income" under § 911, and she availed herself of all the deductions relating to the farm business. Her net farm losses in Ireland served in effect to reduce the tax otherwise payable on income from sources within the United States.

The Commissioner determined that a portion of her gross income from her farming business in Ireland constituted "earned income," which was excludible from her gross income under § 911(a) of the Code, and that certain expenses of that business were allowable to or chargeable against such earned income and hence, also by virtue of § 911(a), were not allowable as deductions from gross income.

The central question before us is whether under § 911 there can be "earned income" from a business that is operated at a loss. The Tax Court, en banc, answered that question in the affirmative, and provided us with the benefit of a thorough discussion of the issues by Judge Tietjens for the majority and by Judge Featherstone for the three dissenting members. Brewster v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 55 T.C. 251 (1970). We affirm. The apparent anomaly of "earned income" from a business operated at a loss is ascribable to the fact that the statutory concept of "earned income" in § 911 is structured in terms of gross income rather than net profits.² As the Tax Court pointed out, the exclusionary provisions with respect to earned income are mandatory. The taxpayer was engaged in a business in which both personal services and capital are material income-producing factors, and the last sentence of § 911(b) provides that in that event "a reasonable allowance as compensation for the personal services rendered by the taxpayer . . . shall be considered as earned income." It is stipulated that appellant's personal service was a material income-producing factor. The Commissioner properly proceeded to ascertain what portion of taxpayer's gross income from the farming business was reasonably ascribable to personal services. That amount was, under § 911, "earned income" that was required to be excluded from her gross income. This necessitated the disallowance of deductions properly allocated to the amounts so excluded from gross income. There is no question as to reasonableness of amounts,³ nor are there any other questions of fact presented to this court.

The taxpayer and the dissenting judges rely upon the provision of § 911 that the allowance for "earned income" shall not exceed 30% of the net profits of a business in which both personal services and capital are material income-producing factors. As the Tax Court stated, this language places a limitation on the amount to be treated as "earned income" in situations where there are net profits and does not come into play here, where there are net losses. This limitation, placing a ceiling on the amount excluded from gross income when there are net profits, reduces the administrative difficulties inherent in determining a reasonable allowance for personal services in businesses, such as merchandising and farming, where both personal services and capital are material income-producing factors.⁴ Generally speaking, the percentage limitation operates, and was intended to operate, so as to break benefits to taxpayers. There is utility in such a limitation when there are profits and the taxpayer has a motivation to maximize the amount of earned income abroad. That the limitation may work a strange result when the net income is small, does not undercut the basic approach of the section under which "earned income" is a concept based on gross income and not net income.

The Tax Court's construction, which follows the liberal wording of § 911(b), does not do violence to the basic purpose of § 911, to permit American business men to compete abroad with foreign entrepreneurs, without being subject to double taxation possibilities.⁵ It serves the Congressional objective of extending that provision so as to apply not only to the person whose gross income abroad reflects payment for services, but also to the person engaged in a business abroad in which capital as well as personal services are income-producing factors.

Even for taxpayers like appellant, whose service-capital business abroad operated at a loss six years running, the major part of the deductions incurred abroad were not ascribed to services, and hence were available to reduce taxation on income from sources within the United States.

Appellant complains that § 911 was intended to "produce a benefit for farmers and small businessmen" and here it is being applied in a way that is disadvantageous. The answer is that § 911's exclusions operate to the advantage of a taxpayer in general, indeed in the vast preponderance of situations. However, that is not the case when the gross income received abroad for services is exceeded by the deductions ascribable thereto. That was the situation in Frieda Hempel, 6 T.C.M. 743 (1947), a case which exposed certain incongruities in the...