Brown v. Sage
| Decision Date | 30 October 2019 |
| Docket Number | 17-1714,17-1527,Nos. 17-1222,s. 17-1222 |
| Parties | Joseph A. BROWN, Appellant v. Dr. SAGE, (Psych Dept.); Dr. Eigenbrode, (Psych Dept.); Dr. Shouey, (Psych Dept.) Appellees in No. 17-1222 Joseph A. Brown, Appellant v. C.O. Kemmerer; United States; B.R. Pealer; T. Crawford; C.O. J. Young; C.O. J. Treibly; C.O. J. Hardy; Lt. R. Miller; C.O. D. Herr; C.O. A. Craveling; C.O. J. Finck; C.O. R. Wickham; Lt. J. Sherman; Lt. Douh; Lt. J. Seeba; Lt. R. Johnson; Lt. P. Carrasquitto; P.A. S. Dees; P.A. L. Potter; P.A. Brennaman; P.A. H. Miosi; J. Carpenter; J. Russo Appellees in No. 17-1527 Joseph A. Brown, Appellant v. Sarah Dees, Physician Assistant, USP Appellee in No. 17-1714 |
| Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Third Circuit |
Plaintiffs filing lawsuits in federal court generally need to pay a filing fee. But that does not mean the courthouse doors are closed to those who cannot afford it. Indigent plaintiffs can avoid the filing fee if they file a successful application for leave to proceed "in forma pauperis," or IFP. Plaintiffs who are prisoners, however, may be barred from proceeding IFP by operation of the so-called "three-strikes rule." That rule, enacted as part of the Prison Litigation Reform Act, Pub. L. No. 104-134, 110 Stat. 1321- 66 (1996) (the "PLRA"), provides that a prisoner cannot proceed IFP if, "on 3 or more prior occasions, while incarcerated or detained in any facility," the prisoner has "brought an action or appeal in a court of the United States that was dismissed on the grounds that it is frivolous, malicious, or fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, unless the prisoner is under imminent danger of serious physical injury." 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g).
Appellant Joseph Brown moved for leave to proceed IFP in three cases in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania. The District Court denied his motions, finding that Brown had accrued three strikes in three earlier cases in federal courts in California. Brown appealed, but appeals have fees too, so he also moves for leave to proceed IFP in each of his three appeals.
We granted the petition for rehearing en banc in this case to clarify the framework that courts may use in assessing IFP applications under the PLRA. Previously, we suggested that courts must employ a "two-step" analysis: first, assess the plaintiff’s economic status, and second, consider the merits of the complaint. But we clarify today that the PLRA does not require such a rigid, stepwise process; rather, courts are free to assess the merits of the lawsuit "at any time." § 1915(e)(2). With this flexible approach in mind, we will deny Brown’s motions for leave to proceed IFP.
Joseph Brown has been a federal prisoner at all times pertinent to this consolidated appeal. In 2014, he filed a complaint in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania, alleging that various prison officials at the United States Penitentiary in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania — where Brown was then incarcerated — had injured him, in violation of his Fifth and Eighth Amendment rights. See Brown v. Kemmerer, No. 1:14-cv-01520. Brown moved in Kemmerer for leave to proceed IFP, and the District Court granted his motion.
Then, in 2016, Brown started another federal action in the Middle District of Pennsylvania, alleging that prison psychologists, among others, were deliberately indifferent to his serious mental-health needs. See Brown v. Sage, No. 1:16-cv-02477. As in Kemmerer, Brown again moved for leave to proceed IFP. But this time, the District Court denied the motion, concluding that Brown was barred by the three-strikes rule. The District Court found that Brown had filed three other actions in federal courts in California that all had been dismissed for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted:
In all three cases, the federal district courts in California explicitly stated that the dismissals qualified as strikes under § 1915(g). So, finding also that Brown did not qualify for the imminent-danger exception to the three-strikes rule, the District Court in Sage denied Brown’s IFP motion and dismissed his complaint without prejudice.
Brown’s IFP motion in Sage prompted the District Court to revisit its earlier decision to grant Brown’s IFP motion in Kemmerer. On the very same day it denied Brown’s motion in Sage, the District Court vacated its earlier order in Kemmerer and denied Brown’s IFP motion there as well. As it did in Sage, the District Court pointed to the three strikes that Brown had accrued in federal courts in California.
The day after the District Court denied his IFP motions in Sage and Kemmerer, Brown filed one more lawsuit in the Middle District of Pennsylvania. See Brown v. Dees, No. 1:17-cv-00025. In this third suit, he alleged that a prison physician assistant was deliberately indifferent to severe burns he received from accidentally spilling hot water on his groin. Brown again moved to proceed IFP, arguing that, although he had three strikes against him, he qualified for the imminent-danger exception. The District Court denied the motion, concluding that Brown had not shown imminent danger.
Brown appealed the denial of his IFP motions in Sage, Kemmerer, and Dees, and he also moved to proceed IFP in those appeals. We consolidated Brown’s three cases and appointed counsel to represent him.1 A divided panel of this Court granted Brown’s IFP motions. See Brown v. Sage, 903 F.3d 300 (3d Cir. 2018). We subsequently granted the defendants’ petition for rehearing en banc and vacated the panel’s opinion and judgment.
Brown has moved to proceed IFP in his three appeals. So, before we can consider whether the District Court erred in denying Brown’s original IFP motions, we must decide whether Brown can proceed IFP before us. In so deciding, we will confront the same issues that the District Court did. But technically we are not yet reviewing the District Court’s orders; we are assessing Brown’s IFP motions on appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1915.3 We begin by clarifying the process by which we assess IFP motions.
Some form of the IFP statute has been in existence for over a century. See Abdul-Akbar v. McKelvie, 239 F.3d 307, 311 (3d Cir. 2001) (en banc). The statute ensures that no person is barred from "pursuing meaningful litigation" solely because of an inability to pay administrative court fees. Deutsch v. United States, 67 F.3d 1080, 1084 (3d Cir. 1995). But Congress, in creating the IFP procedure, also "recognized that ‘a litigant whose filing fees and court costs are assumed by the public, unlike a paying litigant, lacks an economic incentive to refrain from filing frivolous, malicious, or repetitive lawsuits.’ " Denton v. Hernandez, 504 U.S. 25, 31, 112 S.Ct. 1728, 118 L.Ed.2d 340 (1992) (quoting Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 324, 109 S.Ct. 1827, 104 L.Ed.2d 338 (1989) ). Accordingly, the IFP statute, as originally enacted, provided that the court "may dismiss" any IFP action if the court determined that "the alleged cause of action is frivolous or malicious." Act of July 20, 1892, ch. 209 §§ 1–5, 27 Stat. 252.
This Court thereafter construed the IFP statute generally to require a "two-step analysis." Roman v. Jeffes, 904 F.2d 192, 194 n.1 (3d Cir. 1990). First, we explained, a court must determine whether the litigant, "based on economic criteria alone," qualifies for IFP status. Id. Second, and only after "evaluat[ing] a litigant’s financial status," the court considers whether the complaint is frivolous. Id.
In 1996, however, Congress changed the statutory landscape. Over time, it had become deeply concerned that a large volume of frivolous and vexatious prisoner lawsuits both overburdened the judiciary and were unnecessarily costly for defendants. Indeed, by 1995, prisoner lawsuits constituted more than twenty-five percent of federal civil cases. Roller v. Gunn, 107 F.3d 227, 230 (4th Cir. 1997). So in 1996, to "preserv[e] [the] resources of both the courts and the defendants in prisoner litigation," Byrd v. Shannon, 715 F.3d 117, 125 (3d Cir. 2013), and to ensure "fewer and better prisoner suits," Jones v. Bock, 549 U.S. 199, 203, 127 S.Ct. 910, 166 L.Ed.2d 798 (2007), Congress passed the PLRA.
The PLRA amended the IFP statute in several important respects. Whereas the prior version had provided that a court "may" dismiss "frivolous or malicious" actions, the statute now provides that "a court shall dismiss the case at any time if ... the action or appeal (i) is frivolous or malicious; (ii) fails to state a claim on which relief may be granted; or (iii) seeks monetary relief against a defendant who is immune from such relief." 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2) (emphases added). The PLRA also added 28 U.S.C. § 1915A, which requires courts to screen prisoner complaints for possible dismissal "before docketing, if feasible or, in any event, as soon as practicable after docketing." Id. § 1915A(a). And relevant here, the PLRA added the three-strikes rule, id. § 1915(g), which "supplie[s] a powerful economic incentive not to file frivolous lawsuits or appeals." Abdul-Akbar, 239 F.3d at 314.
Brown argues that we should continue to apply our two-step analysis, which the district court in Profitt did not follow. Instead, the district court...
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