Brown v. State, 33089

• Decision Date: 30 November 1950
• Docket Number: No. 33089,No. 2,33089,2
• Citation: 62 S.E.2d 732,82 Ga.App. 673
• Parties: BROWN v. STATE
• Court: Georgia Court of Appeals

Page 732

62 S.E.2d 732

82 Ga.App. 673

BROWN v. STATE.

No. 33089.

Court of Appeals of Georgia, Division No. 2.

Nov. 30, 1950.

Syllabus by the Court.

1. The evidence introduced by the State and objected to by the defendant was inadmissible as effectually amending the affidavit upon which the accusation was founded, after issue had been joined.

2. Where a trial is had upon an accusation founded upon an affidavit, as required

by legislation establishing the city court in which the trial is had, there can be no conviction unless it appear from the evidence that the offense was committed before the making of the affidavit charging its commission; and, with the evidence held to be inadmissible in division 1 of this opinion excluded, there was no evidence of the commission of the offense charged prior to the swearing of the affidavit, and the verdict finding the defendant guilty as charged is contrary to law.

Otis Brown was tried in the Criminal Court of Fulton County on a charge of keeping, maintaining and operating a lottery, known as the numbers game. The affidavit, which was sworn to on August 5, 1948, charged that the offense was committed on August 19, 1948. The accusation, which was filed to the October term, 1948, but showed no date of filing, also charged the commission of the offense on August 19, 1948. The evidence for the State showed that the offense was committed on August 19, 1948. There was no evidence of the commission of any such offense prior to August 5, 1948, the date on which the affidavit was made and sworn to. At the conclusion of the evidence for the State, the defendant moved the court to direct a verdict on the ground that the evidence showed that the offense was committed subsequently to the swearing out of the affidavit upon which the accusation was based. The court overruled the motion and permitted the State to offer evidence tending to show that the date of the swearing out of the affidavit was a typographical error in that it was in fact sworn out on October 5, 1948, instead of August 5, 1948. The defendant objected to this evidence as an attempt to impeach the record upon which the State relied and as an effort to amend the accusation after the joining of issue. The objection was overruled and the evidence allowed. The jury found the defendant guilty and he was sentenced by the court. The defendant applied for and obtained from the Superior Court of Fulton County a writ of certiorari, which, after hearing, was overruled to which latter judgment, overruling the petition for certiorari, the defendant excepted.

Wesley R. Asinof, Atlanta, for plaintiff in error.

Paul Webb, Sol. Gen., John I. Kelley, Sol., and William Hall, all of Atlanta, for defendant in error.

MacINTYRE, Presiding Judge.

1. In paragraph (e) of the assignments of error in the defendant's petition for certiorari, error is assigned upon the introduction of certain evidence. The questions of primary importance in this ground are: (1) Whether the trial court erred (after the defendant had been put on trial, the evidence submitted, and the State had rested its case) in permitting L. C. Forbes, Clerk of the Criminal Court of Fulton County, who had administered the oath to the affiant and signed the jurat on the affidavit upon which the accusation was founded, to testify that though the jurat bore date of August 5, 1948, it had, in fact, been sworn to and subscribed on October 5, 1948; and (2) whether the court erred in admitting in evidence an entry of the court docket showing that the accusation had been filed on October 6, 1948. The objection to this evidence, oral and documentary, is that it effectually amended the affidavit after the defendant had been put on trial and issue had been joined.

The affidavit alleged that the offense was committed on August 19, 1948, and the accusation followed the affidavit in this respect, charging the commission of the offense on August 19, 1948.

The date of the filing of the accusation does not appear on the accusation, but on the reverse side of the accusation this endorsement appears: 'Criminal Court of Fulton County, October Term, 1948.'

From the earliest times, both in England and in Georgia, it has been held that unless time is an essential element of the offense charged, the time of the commission of the offense alleged in the indictment, presentment, accusation, information, or affidavit, is immaterial; and, proof of the commission of the offense at any time prior to the finding of the indictment or presentment, the filing of the accusation or information, or the swearing of the affidavit where made the foundation of the accusation, will sustain a conviction if the proof also establish the commission of the offense within the statute of limitations. McLane v. State, 4 Ga. 335, 341, and see the numerous citations of cases under catchword, 'Time' of Code, § 27-701.

This rule obtains even where an impossible date is alleged, Jones v. State, 55 Ga. 625(1); McMath v. State, 55 Ga. 303, 304(5); Walker v. State, 12 Ga.App. 91, 95, 76 S.E. 762; or where a date subsequent to the indictment, presentment, accusation, or affidavit is alleged, Spencer v. State, 123 Ga. 133, 51 S.E. 294; Newsome v. State, 2 Ga.App. 392, 58 S.E. 672; Grimes v. State, 32 Ga.App. 541, 123 S.E. 918; Adkins v. State, 103 Ga. 5, 29 S.E. 432; Harris v. State, 58 Ga. 332, 333(2); or where no date is alleged. Phillips v. State, 86 Ga. 427, 12 S.E. 650; Braddy v. State, 102 Ga. 568, 27 S.E. 670; Draper v. State, 6 Ga.App. 12, 64 S.E. 117.

There was sufficient evidence adduced upon the trial to authorize the jury to find that the offense charged in the affidavit and accusation was committed on August 19, 1948, but under that state of the evidence, however, the evidence would not have authorized the defendant's conviction, for to do so it is necessary that the offense have been committed prior to the swearing of the affidavit and within the statute of limitations. Shealey v. State, 16 Ga.App. 191, 84 S.E. 839; Chambers v. State, 85 Ga. 220(1), 11 S.E. 653; Turner v. State, 89 Ga. 424, 15 S.E. 488; Patton v. State, 80 Ga. 714(2), 6 S.E. 273; Glover v. State, 4 Ga.App. 455, 61 S.E. 862; Brown v. State, 16 Ga.App. 268, 270, 85 S.E. 262. See particularly Chambers v. State, supra, where it is stated: 'Where trial is had upon accusation founded on affidavit, there can be no conviction unless it appears that the offense was committed before the making of the affidavit charging its commission.' (Emphasis supplied.) There was no evidence of the commission of the offense prior to the swearing of the affidavit dated August 5, 1948, and this, under the rule in the Chambers case would have been fatal to a conviction, as the variance between the aellegata and probata would be irreparable.

Lest there arise some confusion concerning the rule that the proof must establish the commission of the offense prior 'to the making of the affidavit,' the reason for the rule is this: Code, §§ 27-701 to 27-704 have no applicability to accusations in city courts where, under special legislation establishing the various city courts, it is provided that the accusation must be founded upon the affidavit of the prosecutor, and the affidavit is made a substitute for the formal finding of the grand jury as to the misdemeanors triable in the city courts in question. Flanders v. State, 9 Ga.App. 820, 822, 72 S.E. 286; Brown v. State, 16 Ga.App. 268, 85 S.E. 262; Shealey v. State, supra; Curtis v. State, 48 Ga.App. 135, 136, 172 S.E. 99; Byrd v. State, 72 Ga.App. 840, 842, 35 S.E.2d 385; Flint v. State, 12 Ga.App. 169, 76 S.E. 1032; Progress Club v. State, 12 Ga.App. 174, 76 S.E. 1029.

The affidavit which is the basis for the issuance of a warrant to arrest is not to be confused with the affidavit which forms the basis of the accusation in many of our city courts. Flint v. State, supra; Dickson v. State, 62 Ga. 583.

The accusation provided for in Code, § 27-704 as the basis for the trial of misdemeanor cases in the superior courts is comparable to, or the equivalent of, the old common-law information. Conley v. State, 83 Ga. 496, 498, 107 S.E. 123; Gordon v. State, 102 Ga. 673, 679, 29 S.E. 444; Wright v. Davis, 120 Ga. 670, 676, 48 S.E. 170; Goldsmith v. State, 2 Ga.App. 283, 58 S.E. 486.

The accusation founded upon an affidavit in the various city courts is not the duplicate of the superior-court accusation. The former accusation may not be amended with the same facility as the latter. The accusation, based upon an affidavit, in the...