Brown v. Zavaras, 94-1537

• Decision Date: 18 August 1995
• Docket Number: No. 94-1537,94-1537
• Citation: 63 F.3d 967
• Parties: Josephine BROWN, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Aristedes ZAVARAS, Robert Furlong, Defendants-Appellees.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Tenth Circuit

Page 967

63 F.3d 967

Josephine BROWN, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Aristedes ZAVARAS, Robert Furlong, Defendants-Appellees.

No. 94-1537.

United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit.

Aug. 18, 1995.

Josephine Brown, plaintiff-appellant, pro se.

Cristina Valencia, Asst. Atty. Gen., Tort Litigation Section (Gale A. Norton, Atty. Gen., Stephen K. Erkenbrack, Chief Deputy Atty. Gen., Timothy M. Tymkovich, Sol. Gen., Timothy R. Arnold, Deputy Atty. Gen., and Gregg E. Kay, First Asst. Atty. Gen., with her on the briefs), Denver, CO, for defendants-appellees.

Before SEYMOUR, Chief Judge, MCKAY and HENRY, Circuit Judges.

HENRY, Circuit Judge.

Pro se plaintiff Josephine Brown appeals the summary judgment order of the district court dismissing his 42 U.S.C. Sec. 1983 civil rights action. ¹ We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1291 and remand to the district court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

I. BACKGROUND

Mr. Brown is an inmate at the Limon Correctional Facility, a Colorado state prison. In his complaint against two corrections officials, Mr. Brown states that he is a transsexual. The medical term for transsexuality is "gender dysphoria," and gender dysphoria is a medically recognized psychological disorder resulting from the "disjunction between sexual identity and sexual organs." Farmer v. Haas, 990 F.2d 319, 320 (7th Cir.) (collecting medical literature), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 114 S.Ct. 438, 126 L.Ed.2d 372 (1993); see also White v. Farrier, 849 F.2d 322, 325-26 (8th Cir.1988) (noting that gender dysphoria is a medically recognized psychological disorder); Meriwether v. Faulkner, 821 F.2d 408, 412 n. 5 (7th Cir.) (same), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 935, 108 S.Ct. 311, 98 L.Ed.2d 269 (1987); Jan Morris, Conundrum (1974) (autobiographical narrative of the life of a transsexual).

Mr. Brown alleged in his complaint that the defendants have violated his Eighth Amendment right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment and his Fourteenth Amendment equal protection rights. Specifically, he alleged that defendants have withheld medical care with deliberate indifference to his serious medical needs by not providing him with the female hormone estrogen and other medical treatment in contravention of the rule in Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 104, 97 S.Ct. 285, 291, 50 L.Ed.2d 251 (1976).

After reviewing the complaint, a federal magistrate issued a show cause order stating that he would dismiss the complaint if Mr. Brown did not explain how the defendants personally participated in the alleged constitutional violations and why Mr. Brown felt he was entitled to hormone treatment. Mr. Brown responded that the named defendants were involved in his Sec. 1983 claim, that he was entitled to hormone treatment and "therapy," and that he had an equal protection right to hormone therapy. Rec. vol. I, doc. 5, at 2.

Defendants then filed a motion to dismiss, attaching the Department of Corrections grievance process forms to the motion. Mr. Brown responded to the motion to dismiss with a further explanation of his action. After reviewing the motion and the materials outside the pleadings, the magistrate converted the motion to dismiss into a summary judgment proceeding pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b). The magistrate recommended that Mr. Brown's Eighth Amendment claim be dismissed because Mr. Brown had alleged only that Colorado had failed to provide estrogen treatment.

In his response to the magistrate's recommendation, Mr. Brown asserted that "[t]here has been a total failure by the defendants to provide any kind of medical attention to the plaintiff for his transsexual condition," and argued that the magistrate had not addressed his equal protection argument. Rec. vol. I, doc. 14, at 3. The district court accepted the magistrate's recommendation regarding the Eighth Amendment claim. The district court further noted that Mr. Brown was not a member of a "protected class" and dismissed the equal protection claim. On appeal, Mr. Brown argues that the district court erred in dismissing both his Eighth Amendment and Equal Protection claims.

II. DISCUSSION

A. Summary Judgment Conversion

We begin by noting that it appears that the magistrate made a procedural mistake in this case by not notifying Mr. Brown that the magistrate was converting the motion to dismiss into a summary judgment motion. A court may convert a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss into a summary judgment proceeding in order to consider matters outside of the plaintiff's complaint. Jackson v. Integra Inc., 952 F.2d 1260, 1261 (10th Cir.1991); Miller v. Glanz, 948 F.2d 1562, 1565 (10th Cir.1991). In so doing, however, a court must follow Fed R.Civ.P. 12 and 56, which require " 'the trial court [to] give the parties notice of the changed status of the motion and thereby provide the parties to the proceeding the opportunity to present to the court all material made pertinent to such motion by Rule 56.' " Miller, 948 F.2d at 1565 (quoting Ohio v. Peterson, Lowry, Rall, Barber & Ross, 585 F.2d 454, 457 (10th Cir.1978)).

In this case, the magistrate relied upon matters outside of the complaint. However, there is no indication in the record that the court notified Mr. Brown of the conversion to a summary judgment proceeding or that he had the opportunity to introduce evidence supporting his claims. We therefore will not review the district court's grant of summary judgment.

Nevertheless, a district court's failure to comply with Rule 56 is harmless if the dismissal can be justified under Rule 12(b)(6) without reference to matters outside of the plaintiff's complaint. Miller, 948 F.2d at 1566. We therefore review this case only under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6) and determine whether Mr. Brown's complaint states a cause of action for which relief can be granted.

B. Eighth Amendment

Mr. Brown argues that the defendants have provided inadequate medical care under the Eighth Amendment. Deliberate indifference by prison officials to a prisoner's serious medical need constitutes cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment. Estelle, 429 U.S. at 104, 97 S.Ct. at 291.

This circuit was one of the first to consider whether transsexuals had an Eighth Amendment right to estrogen. See Supre v. Ricketts, 792 F.2d 958, 962-63 (10th Cir.1986). We held in the context of that case, where the provision of estrogen was medically controversial, that although prison officials must provide treatment to address the medical needs of transsexual prisoners, the law did not require prison officials to administer estrogen or provide any other particular treatment. Id. at 963. Since Supre, most courts have reached the same conclusion. Farmer, 990 F.2d at 321; White, 849 F.2d at 327-28; Meriwether, 821 F.2d at 414; Long v. Nix, 877 F.Supp. 1358, 1364 (S.D.Iowa 1995); see also Connie Mayer, Survey of Case Law Establishing Constitutional Minima for the Provision of Mental Health Services to Psychiatrically Involved Inmates, 15 New Eng. J. on Crim. & Civ. Confinement 243 (1989) (discussing transsexual prisoner cases). ²

The defendants' sole response to Mr. Brown's Eighth Amendment claim is that Mr. Brown failed to raise the issue in the district court. In light of our obligation to construe pro se pleadings liberally, see Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 92 S.Ct. 594, 30 L.Ed.2d 652 (1972), we cannot agree. In our view, Mr. Brown claimed a medical need and therefore a general right to medical treatment for gender dysphoria in his complaint. In addition, Mr. Brown clarified his pleadings, specifically alleging that he has not been offered any treatment at all, in his response to the magistrate's recommendation. Cf. Green v. Johnson, 977 F.2d 1383, 1388-91 (10th Cir.1992) (remanding case to district court for factual development of issues raised in pro se supplemental brief). ³

We therefore remand to the district court to properly determine whether Mr. Brown is being offered medical care consistent with Supre.

C. Equal Protection

Mr. Brown also asserts that he is being denied the equal protection of the laws because some prisoners receive estrogen treatment. ⁴ In this case, the district court observed that transsexuals are not a protected class and dismissed Mr. Brown's equal protection claim.

The Ninth Circuit has held that transsexuals are not a protected class. Holloway v. Arthur Andersen & Co., 566 F.2d 659, 663 (9th Cir.1977). In Holloway, the court reasoned that transsexuality did not meet the traditional indicia of a suspect classification because transsexuals are not a discrete and insular minority, and because the plaintiff did not establish that " 'transsexuality is an immutable characteristic determined solely by the accident of birth' like race, or national origin." Id. (quoting Frontiero v. Richardson, 411 U.S. 677, 686, 93 S.Ct. 1764, 1770, 36 L.Ed.2d 583 (1973)). A number of courts have adopted the Holloway court's holding. See, e.g., Doe v. Alexander, 510 F.Supp. 900, 904 (D.Minn.1981); Russell J. Davis, Annotation, Refusal to Hire, or Dismissal from Employment, on Account of Plaintiff's Sexual Lifestyle or Sexual Preference as Violation of Federal Constitution or Federal Civil Rights Statutes, 42 A.L.R.Fed. 189, Sec. 5 (1979) (collecting transsexual prisoner cases).

Recent research concluding that sexual identity may be biological suggests reevaluating Holloway. See Equality Found. v. City of Cincinnati, 860 F.Supp. 417, 437 (S.D.Ohio 1994) (concluding that sexual orientation is an issue beyond individual control), aff'd in part and vacated in part, 54 F.3d 261 (6th Cir.1995); Dahl v. Secretary of the United States Navy, 830 F.Supp. 1319, 1324 n. 5 (E.D.Cal.1993) (collecting research suggesting that sexual identity is biological). However, we decline to make such an evaluation in this case because Mr. Brown's allegations are too conclusory to allow proper analysis of this legal question. We therefore follow Holloway and hold that...