Burch v. Pioneer Credit Recovery, Inc.
Decision Date | 22 December 2008 |
Docket Number | Docket No. 07-2963-CV. |
Parties | Stewart BURCH, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. PIONEER CREDIT RECOVERY, INC., Defendant-Appellee. |
Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Second Circuit |
Christina A. Agola, Esq., Rochester, N.Y., for Plaintiff-Appellant.
James R. Grasso, Phillips Lytle LLP, Buffalo, N.Y., for Defendant-Appellee.
Before: McLAUGHLIN, CALABRESI, LIVINGSTON, Circuit Judges.
Plaintiff-Appellant Stewart Burch, a former employee of Defendant-Appellee Pioneer Recovery, Inc. ("Pioneer"), appeals the decision of the United States District Court for the Western District of New York (Telesca, J.) granting Pioneer's Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss Burch's Privacy Act claim and dismissing Burch's motion for additional discovery and to amend his Complaint.1 Pioneer is a third-party debt collection agency that provides collection services for a number of public and private clients, including three federal agencies— the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS"), the U.S. Department of Education ("DOE"), and the U.S. Treasury Department ("USTD"). In accordance with Pioneer's contracts with these agencies, Pioneer was required to have employees who were to work on these accounts, including Burch, complete security clearance packages. In October 2006, Burch brought a suit claiming, inter alia, that Pioneer was photocopying his security clearance packages, keeping a permanent record of them in his personnel file, and otherwise mishandling his private and personal information in violation of the Privacy Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552a. On appeal, he contends that his Privacy Act claim should not have been dismissed because (1) Pioneer was a "Government controlled corporation" and thus subject to the terms of the Privacy Act; (2) he should have been allowed further discovery to defend against the Rule 12(b)(6) motion; and (3) he should have been allowed to amend his Complaint. We consider these issues in turn, recognizing that this Court has not yet had the opportunity to interpret the particular issue of when a corporation is considered "Government controlled" for purposes of the Privacy Act.
This Court reviews the grant of a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) de novo. Chambers v. Time Warner, Inc., 282 F.3d 147, 152 (2d Cir.2002). After "construing the complaint liberally, accepting all factual allegations in the complaint as true, and drawing all reasonable inferences in the plaintiff's favor," id., we will affirm only if the plaintiff fails to provide factual allegations sufficient "`to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.'" Goldstein v. Pataki, 516 F.3d 50, 56 (2d Cir.2008) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 1965, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007)). That said, a plaintiff's pleading obligation still "requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do." Twombly, 127 S.Ct. at 1965. Reviewing Burch's claims under this standard, we find that they lack merit.
The Privacy Act provides that "[w]henever any agency" fails to comply with any provision of the statute, "the individual may bring a civil action against the agency." 5 U.S.C. § 552a(g)(1) (emphasis added). This Court, joining many of its sister Circuits, has accordingly held that the private right of civil action created by the Privacy Act is specifically limited to actions against agencies of the United States government. See Pennyfeather v. Tessler, 431 F.3d 54, 56 (2d Cir.2005); see also Unt v. Aerospace Corp., 765 F.2d 1440, 1447 (9th Cir.1985) . The question, then, is whether Pioneer is an "agency" of the United States government under the Privacy Act.
The Privacy Act defines "agency" by referencing 5 U.S.C. § 552(f) of the Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552a(a)(1),2 which states that the term "agency"
includes any executive department, military department, Government corporation, Government controlled corporation, or other establishment in the executive branch of the Government (including the Executive Office of the President), or any independent regulatory agency.
(emphasis added). There is no clear definition of what makes a corporation "Government controlled" for the purposes of 5 U.S.C. § 552(f). In fact, many courts have resisted defining the term after recognizing that Pub. Citizen Health Research Group v. Dep't of Health, Educ. & Welfare, 668 F.2d 537, 542 (D.C.Cir.1981) (alteration in the original) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Irwin Mem'l Blood Bank of San Francisco Med. Soc'y v. Am. Nat'l Red Cross, 640 F.2d 1051, 1054 (9th Cir.1981) ( ).
In this case, Burch only references a few weak connections between Pioneer and the federal government. He argues that Pioneer is "Government controlled" because it has contracts with federal agencies. Under these contracts, Burch notes that Pioneer must have its employees file security clearances and make its records available to the contracting federal agencies. He also suggests that pursuant to these contracts, Pioneer performs a government function, though he does not support—and we do not credit—his contention that debt-collection is traditionally performed by a state actor3 These allegations do not amount to a sufficient level of oversight, supervision, and government connection to lead us to believe that Pioneer should be considered an "agency." See, e.g., Forsham v. Harris, 445 U.S. 169, 180 & n. 11, 100 S.Ct. 977, 63 L.Ed.2d 293 (1980) ( ); Ehm v. Nat'l R.R. Passenger Corp., 732 F.2d 1250, 1255 (5th Cir. 1984) ( ); Irwin Mem'l Blood Bank, 640 F.2d at 1056-57 ( ). Accordingly, we find that the District Court did not err in dismissing Burch's Complaint for failure to state a claim.
Burch's second and third claims can be dealt with summarily, as they do not raise new issues for this Court. Burch maintains that the District Court erred in refusing to allow him to conduct discovery to defend against Pioneer's Rule 12(b)(6) motion. Burch has not put forth any plausible reason for us to believe that the District Court abused its "broad discretion to direct and manage the pre-trial discovery process," Wills v. Amerada Hess Corp., 379 F.3d 32, 41 (2d Cir.2004), and we decline to second-guess its decision. Lastly, Burch argues that the District...
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